Chlorinated camphene

Chlorinated camphene (toxaphene) Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine... 

Chlorinated camphene Chlorinated diphenyl oxide Chlorine Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trifluoride Chloroacetaldehyde... 

Toxaphene, see Chlorinated camphene Tributyl phosphate 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane, see Methyl chloroform 10.7 20.25 0.020 0.3... 

Toxaphene is a complex mixture of compounds prepared by chlorinating camphene, and contains several hundred polychlorinated bornanes. After incubation with Sulfurospirillum (Dehalospirillum) multivorans only the hexa- (B6-923) and the heptachlorinated (B7-1001) remained. The nonachlorinated congener B9-1679 could be transformed by preferential dechlorination of the em-dichloro groups with formation of the heptachlorinated B7-1001 (Ruppe et al. 2003). Further examination showed that this congener could be dechlorinated to penta- and hexachlorinated bornanes (Ruppe et al. 2004). 

The purpose of this work was to determine the toxicity to mosquito larvae of insecticide spray residues. That certain insecticides are translocated in plants (4, 5) adds impetus to this study. Fresh orchard fruit sprayed or dusted with preparations containing parathion (0,0-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate), tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP, HEPP), DDD [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethane], DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l,l-trichloroethane], chlorinated camphene, and basic lead arsenate were shipped from California to Yonkers, N. Y., by air express for bioassay. 

Different samples of chlorinated camphene containing from 62 to 72% of chlorine all give the same infrared spectra. However, the toxicity to flies reaches a maximum at a chlorine content of 67 to 69% and drops off rapidly below 60% and above 72%. From the results of both the infrared spectroscopic examination and the fly-toxicity tests given below, it is concluded that the organic-chlorine compound in the fat was essentially unchanged toxaphene. 

Toxaphene (chlorinated camphene, 67 to 69% chlorine) is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which was formerly one of the most heavily used agricultural chemicals on a global scale, especially... 

There has not been sufficient work done on the control of these bugs to justify the making of definite recommendations for their control. In a very small number of fields observed during the past season, dieldrin at 0.25 pound and toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) at 1.5 pounds, applied by airplane, reduced the number of bugs to the point that serious injury was averted. 

Most of the well-known chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides will kill horseflies and the percentages required are small. But none of them will protect livestock adequately from horseflies, as the bites are made and the damage done before these relatively slow acting materials take effect. Probably most horseflies attacking an animal sprayed with DDT, lindane, chlordan, or toxaphene (chlorinated camphene) would eventually die, but the fly reduction thereby made in an area would be insignificant unless all hosts both wild and domestic were treated frequently. 

Note No definitive structure can be illustrated. Toxaphene is a complex mixture of at least 175 chlorinated camphenes of this number, less than 10 structures are known (Casida et ah, 1974). The following congeners were isolated from environmental samples 2 exo, i endo,5-evo,9,9,10,10-heptachlorobornane, 3-e sro,5-enr/o,6-ej o,8,8,10,10-heptachlorobornane 2 endo, 3-e o,5-e/3c/o,6-e o,8,8,10,10-octachlorobornane, and 2-exo,3-endo,5-exo,6-endo,9,9,l0,l0-octa-chlorobornane (Vetter et al, 2000). According to Pollock and Kilgore (1978), the average chlorine content is 67 to 69%. 

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