Total consumption income

Hence, vh = v2h2 = v2B2/L, where B2 is total consumption of good 2, and L is total employment. Since v2 = p2 and L = vQ = pQ = y, where y is total net money income, it follows that vh = p2B2 y = b, the ratio of total money consumption by workers to total net income (the propensity to consume). 

Certain relationships were explored to assess sample representativity. Positive correlations were found between per capita income (i.e. total household income divided hy number of occupants) and (1) education or (2) mineral water expenditure (also on a per capita basis), which was to be expected. The relationships between whether respondents drink tap water, their opinion of tap water and mineral water consumption were studied in detail, in order to better understand the motivations underlying statedWT P. 

Measuring the poverty status of the elderly in comparison with that of other age or population groups is complex, Most elderly live in multigenerational households, which raises such conceptual issues as whether it is of interest to measure the income or assets attributed to the elderly or those of the entire household, and practical issues about how litUe data from household surveys are actually available at the individual level. In practice, much poverty analysis (see appendix A) divides total consumption by household size to arrive at per capita household consumption. 

In case they do not, however, and until they do, we have to make use of the Sun we have. This is our energy income. (It is true that we can harness the wind and the tides, but these can at best make a very small contribution to our total needs.) The Sun radiates 1.3 X 10 W energy, 20,000 times our present total consumption. And it sends out this energy whether we use it or not, so we are not robbing future generations by using it now. 

Functional Restrictions. The focus is on the industrial investor (and innovator) and his strategic behaviour under conditions of rivalry, whereby the causes and effects of macro-economic, demand side induced investment are neglected. Here, the word induced implies either induced by temporary macro-economic effects, such as differences between aggregate saving S(Yf) and aggregate investment I (Y ) or induced by temporary disequilibria on the demand side, such as differences between successive levels of total consumption Q - Q 1 or total income Y - Y i. 

All of the world s major economies, as well as scores of smaller, low-income nations, rely mainly on hydrocarbons. Crude oil now supplies two-fifths of the world s primary energy (Table 1). There are distinct consumption patterns in the shares of light and hea vy oil products the United States burns more than 40 percent of all its liquid fuels as gasoline, Japan just a fifth and the residual fuel oil accounts for nearly a third of Japanese use, but for less than 3 percent of the U.S. total. Small countries of the Persian Gulf have the highest per capita oil consumption (more than 5 t a year in the United Arab Emirates and in Qatar) the U.S. rate is more than 2.5 t a year European means arc around 1 t China s mean is about 120 kg, and sub-Saharan Africa is well below 100 kg per capita. 

External treatment is by no means the only method of limiting incoming contaminants. Where the percentage of steam condensate returning to a boiler can be increased (perhaps by FSHR or by the use of indirect-heating coils rather than live steam injection), the consumption of MU water is lessened, which consequently reduces the total input contaminant load. 

Under Marx s assumption, in Capital, volume 2, that prices and values are identical, and hence 1 of output is equal to an hour of labour time, this equation captures both an income and multiplier relationship. The equivalence between prices and values is embodied in the identity p = v such that the total employment of labour units (vQ) is equal to total money net income (pQ). Similarly, vF the total number of labour emits required to produce final demand, is equal to total money final demand (pF). Hence, the expression 1/1 — vh is an income/employment multiplier, in which the scalar vh represents the propensity to consume b, derived from the two-department schema.10 We shall refer to this as the Keyensian scalar multiplier, since although it is somewhat unusually defined according to worker consumption it retains the l/l h structure that is so common to economics textbooks. The simplicity of the Keynesian multiplier is retained in a two-department setting. 

For Nell, this approach closely resembles the first of Marx s solutions in Capital, volume 2, to the problem of establishing where the money comes from to service the gap between the amount advanced by capitalists and the amount M they receive as income.2 As we saw in Chapter 3, Marx addresses this issue by positing that capitalists advance the amount M -M in addition to M. Under the Kalecki Principle, M —M is the amount of money cast into circulation by capitalists in order to realize profits. Ignoring for simplicity the role of capitalist consumption, this amount is required to purchase additional quantities of capital. Hence, capitalists advance the whole of M. On this view, theoretically, it is correct to speak of M becoming M, but in practice there is no initial sum of money, M, followed later by a larger sum, M there is only M (ibid. 207). In the single swap approach this advance of money is sufficient to fund total income in one run of the monetary circuit. 

A simplification is made possible by noting first that ph, the money value of per capita worker consumption, is the scalar wage rate w (under the assumption that workers do not save). And since wlX is the total wage bill, by decomposition if w = wlX/pX is the share of wages in gross income,... 

For Domar, the first two elements of the balanced growth equation represent the propensity to save, S = ek. The share of profits out of total income (e) combined with the proportion set aside for investment (A) make up the proportion of income saved (5). Hence, from the multiplier relationship y = (1 /eA)/ where there is no exogenous capitalist consumption (see equation 5.7), it follows that h = r5,y, = Sav,. 

China alone will contribute a quarter of the increase in C02 emissions or 3.6 billion tons, bringing its total emissions to 6.7 billion tons per year in 2030. However, Chinese emissions will still be well below those of the USA. A projected increase in fossil fuel consumption is largely responsible for fast-paced growth in C02 emissions. Of the fossil fuels, coal and oil account currently for the major part of the total energy-related C02 emissions. Factors such as population growth, rising personal incomes, improved standards of living, and further industrialization are expected to have a... 

While local officials continued clamoring that cannabis was ruining the country, British lawmakers contended that total prohibition would only lead to contraband use. The only way to reduce consumption, the government asserted, was to increase the cost of these drags to consumers. Such impositions, it admitted, would also raise more income for Her Majesty s coffers. 

The primary economic rationale imderlying the production of cotton is the trade in cotton fibre, which accounts for around 8o% of a cotton farmer s income. In addition to fibre, the world s cotton farmers produce around 34 million tonnes of cottonseed every year . This high protein commodity is not only used as an animal feed, but is also a source of cottonseed oil around 3.1 million tonnes is used in tbe preparation of food eacb yeari. In total, cottonseed oil represents approximately 8% of tbe world s vegetable oil consumption , providing tbe major source of fat and oil in MaU, Chad, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon , and forms a significant part of the diet of the Middle East (3.8 g/day). Far East (0.5 g/day), and Latin America (0.5 g/day) . In total, as much as 65% of harvested cotton produce may enter the human food chain l... 

Despite the organic movement s professed interest in local consumption of organic products (see below), there are a number of countries where exports are and will be of great relevance. In developing countries, export markets are essential for income generation, especially where premium prices can be secured in developed coimtries and less so domestically. In other cases, such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand, which have a high production potential and relatively low population density, domestic consinnption could not take up total production. For those countries export is essential, and the question, then, is how this can be acconunodated "... 

Because a diet lacking in fat tends to be bulky then some rough rules can be made if total intake is <3000 kcal day the fat should make up at least 25% of the calories and for intakes of >3000 kcal day then it should represent at least 30% of the calories. This gives minimum intakes of 56-140 g day . Of course, there are circumstances when dietary fat should be limited (see below and Sections 12.2-12.3). In a survey in the USA it was found that intake of fat increased with higher incomes. This correlation may reflect a greater consumption of food or, alternatively, the selection of more expensive foods such as meat or dairy products instead of cereals (Rizek et aL, 1974). 

Although good health may be maintained on diets of widely varying composition, in the adequately nourished western world protein usually supplies between 10 and 13% of the total energy. This value appears to be independent of income because, where there is a greater consumption of expensive protein-rich animal foods, there is also an increase in the consumption of fats and refined sugars. 

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