Income national

In spite of the fact that all elements of the systems of production, conversion, transportation and consumption of energy are improving continuously, the growth of national incomes calls for an appropriate growth in the utilization of energy. This can be attained through an increased production of fuel and construction of new and more efficient power plants, pipelines, power transmission lines and so on. 

Domar assumes at the outset that there is full capacity utilization, and moreover that the fraction of labour force employed is a function of the ratio between national income and productive capacity (ibid. 37). Since the supply side models the economy s capacity to produce output, full employment of the labour force requires that the potential change of output is equal to the change in output demanded via the multiplier. Hence, the full employment balanced rate of growth can be established by setting... 

Krug, E. G. Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries.The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 280, August 5, 1998, p. 401. Reports that the 49th World Health Assembly has declared violence a worldwide public health problem. Using data provided by health officials, a study concludes that firearms death rates are much higher in the United States and that types of death (murder or suicide) as well as rates vary with national income. 

The starting point for this study of British defence policy between 1904 and 1969 is the tendency for the costs of new weapons systems to rise more rapidly than the national income/ Three main insights are offered. First, British defence policy was based upon technological innovation. Second, reductions in the size of the armed forces to accommodate new weapons systems in defence budgets were not evidence of a decline in power. Third, British grand strategy, incorporating economic as well as military responses to external threats, was much more ambitious than is commonly believed. 

The figures used for national income in the calculation are for gross national product at factor cost, compiled by Charles Feinstein and published in B.R. Mitchell, British Historical Statistics (Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 829. 

Source C.H. Feinstein, National Income, Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom, 1855-1965 (Cambridge University Press, 1972), tables 4, 7 and 12. 

As in the First World War, the Treasury saw the purpose of war finance as the adjustment of production and consumption so as to maintain essential supplies for the civil population, while securing the largest possible proportion of national income for the government. In 1939 the Treasury thought that at least one-half of national income should be made available for government needs.Table 4.5 shows that... 

As table 6.5 shows, Britain devoted a higher proportion of her national income to defence than any other European country, except France at the height of the Algerian war. It was not difficult to establish in the minds of ministers a correlation between a relatively high level of defence expenditure, on the one hand, and a falling share of world exports of manufactures, a lower growth rate than other Western... 

Given the tendency of the cost of weapons systems to rise faster than national income, defence policy could not be left to the defence departments alone. The Treasury s attempts to curb the demands of the armed forces, notably during the conscription debate in 1915-16 and in the setting of financial limits that led to the Inskip Report in 1937, the... 

There has been considerable demand for a wider choice of service lives for properties, and the widespread revision and reinterpretation of the national income-tax laws in 1954, 1962, 1971, 1981, and 1986 met part of this demand. During times of national emergencies, the United States Congress may approve rapid-amortization policies to make it more attractive for concerns to invest in additional plants and equipment needed for the national welfare. Certificates of necessity can be obtained for certain types of industries, and these certificates permit writing off various percentages of the value of new equipment over selected periods of time. 

Many of the radiation induced mutants have made a great impact on the income of the region where they took place, in some cases even on the national income. One of the earliest successes concerns peppermint. The only source of peppermint oil in the United States was the Mitcham variety which succumbed to a fungus disease. Crossbreeding methods failed to produce disease-resistant peppermint. Radiation techniques led to induction of resistance which saved the original peppermint taste enjoyed by millions all over the world. 

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