Conceptual Issues

Self-determination has undergone a change of understanding. The concept has been re-interpreted and filled with new possibilities. As the term is still tmclear on many issues, it is necessary to account for the different interpretations relevant to this project. First and most important, there is the distinction between external and intemal self-determination, which both are explained in more detail below. Conceptually, external self-determination takes a territorial approach, while intemal self-determination foremost takes a non-territorial approach. 

It should be noted that there has been voiced a fundamental criticism about intemal self-determination. A statement made by the then ICJ judge Zafrulla Khan in the Advisory Opinion on Namibia is cited. With reference to a South African official, Khan wrote the following in his concurring declaration  

He [the South African official] concluded that in the case of South West Africa self-determination may well find itself practically restricted to some kind of autonomy and local self-government within a larger arrangement of Co-operation (hearing of 17 March 1971). This in effect means a denial of self-determination as envisaged in the Charter of the United Nations.  

If this statement can be taken to mean that autonomy and self-government in general mean a denial of self-determination is not entirely clear. What is clear, however, is that we are dealing with an issue in the context of decolonization and here, external self-determination is undoubtedly applicable. 

A second issue necessary to discuss is whether self-determination is a process or a result. Can the self determine its own fate once and for all or is determining an ongoing process. The former would point to decolonisation—the political status was determined. The latter points towards democratic governance, as the people continuously have to determine their free wishes. 

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D. Gradmann and H. Mummert, in Plant Membrane Transport Current Conceptual Issues (R. M. Spanswick, W. J. Lucaas, and J. Dainty, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 333-347. 

Even when the patterns are known to cluster, there remain difficult issues that must be addressed before a kernel-based approach can be used effectively. Two of the more fundamental conceptual issues are the number and size of clusters that should be used to characterize the pattern classes. These are issues for which there are no hard and fast answers. Despite the application of well-developed statistical methods, including squared-error indices and variance analysis, determining the number and size of clusters remains extremely formidable. 

Here we present and discuss an example calculation to make some of the concepts discussed above more definite. We treat a model for methane (CH4) solute at infinite dilution in liquid under conventional conditions. This model would be of interest to conceptual issues of hydrophobic effects, and general hydration effects in molecular biosciences [1,9], but the specific calculation here serves only as an illustration of these methods. An important element of this method is that nothing depends restric-tively on the representation of the mechanical potential energy function. In contrast, the problem of methane dissolved in liquid water would typically be treated from the perspective of the van der Waals model of liquids, adopting a reference system characterized by the pairwise-additive repulsive forces between the methane and water molecules, and then correcting for methane-water molecule attractive interactions. In the present circumstance this should be satisfactory in fact. Nevertheless, the question frequently arises whether the attractive interactions substantially affect the statistical problems [60-62], and the present methods avoid such a limitation. 

It is useful to note that the same issue does not arise in complexes that have a horizontal symmetry plane. There, a wedge geometry allows L and hj to attain equivalent positions above and below that plane. These conceptual issues have been addressed in the case of oxorhenium(V) complexes by two experimental studies, each of which supports intervention of intermediate(s) that undergo turnstile or trigonal twist mechanisms. In so doing, L and L7 attain equivalent or at least interchangeable positions. These studies are the subjects of the next two sections. 

Salamone, J.D. (1996) The behavioral neurochemistry of motivation methodological and conceptual issues in studies of the dynamic activity of nucleus accumbens dopamine. / Neurosci Methods 64 137-149. 

Robetts, L.W. (1998b) Ethics of psychiatric research conceptual issues and empirical findings. Compr Psychiatry 39 99—110. 

Returning to the conceptual issues surrounding the limiting distribution, it was earlier pointed out that there is some flexibility in its specification. In the case of acute exposures we are concerned with the upper tail of the actual distribution of air sample values. The flexibility arises in the specific choice of y and ag to obtain appropriate protection yet to maximize the probability of declaring the condition safe if it is so. If the... 

Some of the articles address the difficulties students have learning particular aspects of quantum mechanics. Others describe different interpretations, formulations, and representations in quantum mechanics. Still others discuss novel applications or some of the more subtle conceptual issues in quantum mechanics. A few of the articles address the integration of workable and affordable quantum mechanics experiments into the undergraduate curriculum. 

My focus in this essay is mainly on the conceptual issues, though I touch on some normative questions at the end. I have two main aims. First, I want to explore some of the analytical difficulties arising from talk of motivational compulsion. Second, I try to propose an account of addiction that avoids problematic notions of compulsion and clarifies some of the differences between addictions and other forms of dependency. 

This chapter considers two particular types of sorbing barriers 1) low-permeability slurry walls amended to promote the sorption of hydrophobic compounds (hydraulic conductivity [AT] 10 7 cm/s), and 2) high-conductivity zeolite treatment walls designed to remove inorganic compounds (K 10" cm/s). These examples are selected, in part, because they represent the systems that have received the most attention from researchers and practitioners, but also because considering them together highlights the importance of conceptual issues common to both types of systems. 

Analytical gradients and Hessians are available for CASSCF, and it is expected that this technology will be extended to the MR-CI and MP2 methods soon. Further, by virtue of the multireference approach, a balanced description of ground and excited states is achieved. Unfortunately, unlike black boxes such as first-order response methods (e.g., time-dependent DFT), CAS-based methods require considerable skill and experience to use effectively. In the last section of this chapter, we will present some case studies that serve to illustrate the main conceptual issues related to computation of excited state potential surfaces. The reader who is contemplating performing computations is urged to study some of the cited papers to appreciate the practical issues. 

Fried, P. A. (2002). Conceptual issues in behavioral teratology and their application in determining long-term sequelae of prenatal marihuana exposure.. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 43, 81-102. 

The basic flowsheet structure is given by the reactor and separation systems. Alternatives can be developed by applying process-synthesis methods. Use computer simulation to get physical insights into different conceptual issues and to evaluate the performance of different alternatives. 

The philosophical challenge of adaptation arises from difficult conundrums that are linked to the concept of adaptation. In recent decades these conceptual issues have led to substantial debate about the nature of adaptation and the appropriate means for studying it. These deliberations have served as a strong selective force that has driven an evolutionary change (perhaps even a revolutionary change, in the Kuhnian sense of the word revolution ) in our perspective on adaptive processes. If we are to answer satisfactorily the question that opens this chapter, we must understand what this intellectual ferment is all about. 

For anyone wanting to read more, monographs are more accessible than the research-journal literature. Insofar as understanding of the conceptual issues is concerned, almostall of those concepts can be drawn from six books, which contain ample references to the scientific journals. 

This chapter describes experimental and conceptual issues in mesoscale self-assembly (MESA), using examples from our work in the assembly of millimeter- and micron(micrometer)-sized polyhedral objects using capillary forces. In MESA, objects (from nm to mm in size) self-assemble into ordered arrays through noncovalent forces. Three systems that use capillary forces in MESA are described these involve the assembly of objects into two-dimensional arrays at the perfluorodecalin/H20 interface, into three-dimensional arrays at curved liquid/liquid interfaces, and into three-dimensional arrays from a suspension in water. The capillary interactions between objects can be viewed as a type of bond that is analogous to chemical bonds that act between atoms and molecules. 

Wynne LC, Shields CG, Sirkin MI. 1992. Illness, family theory, and family therapy I. Conceptual issues. Fam Process 31(1) 3-18. 

Of course, there are still issues regarding the OTC treatment of chronic or recurring illness. Monitoring and compliance questions remain mostly unanswered at this time. However, once some of the conceptual issues are addressed satisfactorily, there will be a kind of domino effect on several indications, such as cholesterol, osteoporosis, and hypertension. 

Liben, L. S. (1988). Conceptual issues in the development of spatial cognition. In J. Stiles-Davis, M. Kritchevsky, and U. Bellugi (eds.), Spatial cognition brain bases and development (pp. 167-194). Hillsdale, N.J. Erlbaum Associates. 

Two approximation methods are, however, peculiar to the continuous description the so-called method of moments, and the quadrature method. Some basic conceptual issues about these two methods are discussed next. 

Unfortunately, it is impossible to design an experiment that will totally disprove a theory based on random phenomena. Various outcomes may occur, some of which may be unlikely but not impossible. Thus Popper s falsifiability condition does not apply. The statistical method advocated by Fisher (1956) attempts to overcome this problem by substituting unlikely for impossible but otherwise follows the principles of the scientific method. With this substitution, Fisher and others proposed conceptual structures for testing theories and scientific hypotheses under conditions of uncertainty that are analogous to the scientific method. However, these approaches, although being very useful in practice, have raised a host of conceptual issues that are the subject of ongoing debates. 

Juhl, R.P. Kroboth, P.D. Conceptual issues in designing a clinical scientist program. Drug Intell. Clin. Pharm. 1987, 21, 103-106. 

Nagi, S. Some conceptual issues in disability and rehabilitation. Soc. Rehabil. 1965. 

Hurt, Teresa D., and Gordon F.M. Rakita (eds.) 2000. Style and Function Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology. Westport CN Bergin Garvey. 

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