Smokeless tobacco products snuff

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1999a) Annual submission of the quantity of nicotine contained in smokeless tobacco products manufactured, imported, or packaged in the United States requirement notice. Federal Register 64 14086-14096 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1999b) Determination of nicotine, pH, and moisture content of six commercial moist snuff products - Florida, January-February 1999, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 398 01... 

A-Nitrosodiethanolamine has been detected in cigarette smoke at concentrations of 24-36 ng per cigarette, in smoking tobacco at concentrations up to 420 pg/kg, and in smokeless tobacco products (chewing tobacco, snuff) at concentrations up to 6800 pg/kg (Bruimemann Hoffrnaim, 1981 Bmnnemann et ah, 1982-1983 lARC, 1985). The presence of /V-nitrosodiethanolamine in tobacco and tobacco smoke was attributed, at least in part, to a maleic hydrazide-diethanolamine herbicidal combination commonly applied to tobacco to prevent sucker growth and levels of 7V-nitrosodiethanolamine have declined (< 100 ppb) in some tobaccos since the herbicide was phased out (Brunnemann Hoffmaim, 1991)... 

Chronic snuff dipping has been associated with oral cancer in experimental animals and humans. Oral pharyngeal cancer accounts for 3% of these cancers and is the seventh most common form of cancer.The oral use of moist smokeless tobacco products (chewing tobacco) has increased in recent years, resulting in leukoplakia, which is a clinical white patch or plaque on the oral mucus membrane that cannot be removed by scrapping. Most of these lesions can occur in all areas of the oral cavity. Water-soluble smokeless tobacco extract has been shown to suppress lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity by inhibiting DNA synthesis, and altered LAK function in the oral mucosa... 

Despite the results from the climbing boys study, the list of known chemical carcinogens grew slowly. Prior to 1950, only three chemical mixmres were known to cause cancer in humans coal soot, tobacco, and naphthylamines from the production of synthetic dyes. Tobacco, like coal tar, had been recognized as a carcinogen ever since another London physician working in the 1700s, Dr. John Hill, first observed that excessive use of smokeless tobacco, or snuff, led to nasal cancer. 

In South Africa traditional or home-made products are more commonly used in rural areas while products manufactured by small cottage industries are dominant in urban areas. One of the small smokeless industries was bought by Swedish Match in 1999 and they ve continued to manufacture the same products used for both oral and nasal application. Unlike many other countries, nasal use predominates among the 13.2% of black women in South Africa who use smokeless tobacco, 80% nasally and 20% orally. Overall usage is approximately 10%, but reaches 18.6% among black children (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2004). Only about 1% of South African men use snuff (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2008). 

While cigarette sales in the USA declined 18%, from 21 billion packs in 2000 to 17.4 billion packs in 2007, during the same time period sales of other products, such as moist snuff, increased by 1.10 billion cigarette pack equivalents (Connolly and Alpert 2008). In the USA, the most common smokeless tobacco (ST) products are chewing tobacco (loose leaf, plug, and twist), moist snuff, and dry snuff. Many other forms of smokeless tobacco that are used globally were described in an lARC monograph (lARC 2007). All ST products contain nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids that are inherent to tobacco leaf. 

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