Tobacco products snuff

Table I lists the concentrations of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) in some of the tobacco products which had greater than 0.5% nitrate content. Tobacco with less than 0.5% nitrate content, such as Bright tobaccos, yielded NDMA, NDEA and nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) generally below 5 ppb. The relatively high concentrations of NDMA in fine cut tobaccos and in snuff are possibly of significance in the increased risk for oral cancer among snuff dippers who use these tobacco types repeatedly each day by placing a pinch of the product directly into the gingival buccal fold (6,7).

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Tobacco. A method which we developed several years ago for the analysis of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA 31) involves extraction of tobacco with buffered ascorbic acid TpH 4.5) followed by partition with ethyl acetate, chromatographic clean-up on silica gel, and analysis by HPLC-TEA (Figure 9). Results obtained with this method for a large spectrum of tobacco products (Table IV), strongly support the concept that the levels of nitrate and alkaloids, and especially the methods for curing and fermentation, determine the yields of TSNA in tobacco products. Recent and as yet preliminary data from snuff analyses indicate that aerobic bacteria play a role in the formation of TSNA during air curing and fermentation. 

In India tobacco is used in dental products, despite the fact this is illegal. These products are regional, and used more by women than by men. Some examples include mishri, a blackened roasted tobacco product used to clean teeth gul, a pyrol-ysed tobacco product used in eastern India as a dentifrice baijar, a dry snuff lal dantmanjan, a red colored dentifrice and gudhaku, a paste of tobacco and molasses. 

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1999a) Annual submission of the quantity of nicotine contained in smokeless tobacco products manufactured, imported, or packaged in the United States requirement notice. Federal Register 64 14086-14096 CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1999b) Determination of nicotine, pH, and moisture content of six commercial moist snuff products - Florida, January-February 1999, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 48 398 01... 

A-Nitrosodiethanolamine has been detected in cigarette smoke at concentrations of 24-36 ng per cigarette, in smoking tobacco at concentrations up to 420 pg/kg, and in smokeless tobacco products (chewing tobacco, snuff) at concentrations up to 6800 pg/kg (Bruimemann Hoffrnaim, 1981 Bmnnemann et ah, 1982-1983 lARC, 1985). The presence of /V-nitrosodiethanolamine in tobacco and tobacco smoke was attributed, at least in part, to a maleic hydrazide-diethanolamine herbicidal combination commonly applied to tobacco to prevent sucker growth and levels of 7V-nitrosodiethanolamine have declined (< 100 ppb) in some tobaccos since the herbicide was phased out (Brunnemann Hoffmaim, 1991)... 

Synonyms Nicotiana tabacum (cultivated tobacco) Nicotiana rustica Methylpyridylpyrrolidine Description Tobacco products contain dried tobacco leaves, which are used to take advantage of the psychoactive effects of the alkaloid nicotine. Snuff has a pH of 7.8-8.1. Cigarettes are acidic. Chewing tobacco has alkali added and is basic Chemical Formula C10H14N2 (nicotine)... 

Tobacco products do not have a therapeutic use and can produce physiologic addiction. Commonly used products include cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff,... 

Chronic use of snuff has caused oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol ambylopia is seen in chronic smokers who are malnourished and alcoholic. Green tobacco sickness occurs in young workers who do not smoke but work with wet, uncured tobacco. Withdrawal symptoms can occur when use of a tobacco product is stopped. 

Chronic snuff dipping has been associated with oral cancer in experimental animals and humans. Oral pharyngeal cancer accounts for 3% of these cancers and is the seventh most common form of cancer.The oral use of moist smokeless tobacco products (chewing tobacco) has increased in recent years, resulting in leukoplakia, which is a clinical white patch or plaque on the oral mucus membrane that cannot be removed by scrapping. Most of these lesions can occur in all areas of the oral cavity. Water-soluble smokeless tobacco extract has been shown to suppress lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell activity by inhibiting DNA synthesis, and altered LAK function in the oral mucosa... 

All tobacco products, including snuff, contain toxic heavy metals and many carcinogenic substances. The concentrations of heavy metals in Indian snuff samples is significantly much less compared to those in snuff samples from South Africa and U.S.A. ... 

Some technologies have identified other groups of additives. For example, for tobacco products combustion modifiers (activated carbon and ammonium chloride), substances for direct printing on cigarette paper, additives for chewing and snuff tobacco and others are used. 

Despite the results from the climbing boys study, the list of known chemical carcinogens grew slowly. Prior to 1950, only three chemical mixmres were known to cause cancer in humans coal soot, tobacco, and naphthylamines from the production of synthetic dyes. Tobacco, like coal tar, had been recognized as a carcinogen ever since another London physician working in the 1700s, Dr. John Hill, first observed that excessive use of smokeless tobacco, or snuff, led to nasal cancer. 

Nonvolatile Nitrosamines In Saliva. In vitro experiments had indicated that the tobacco-specific nitrosamines are formed also during snuff dipping (26). Therefore, we analyzed the saliva of snuff dippers and tobacco chewers. A comparison of the results demonstrated the presence of TSNA in saliva at a wide range of concentrations (Table Vl), which could be ascribed to differences in the product, but also to differences in the manner of chewing, and, lastly, to individual factors in each person s saliva. 

In South Africa traditional or home-made products are more commonly used in rural areas while products manufactured by small cottage industries are dominant in urban areas. One of the small smokeless industries was bought by Swedish Match in 1999 and they ve continued to manufacture the same products used for both oral and nasal application. Unlike many other countries, nasal use predominates among the 13.2% of black women in South Africa who use smokeless tobacco, 80% nasally and 20% orally. Overall usage is approximately 10%, but reaches 18.6% among black children (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2004). Only about 1% of South African men use snuff (Ayo-Yusuf et al. 2008). 

While cigarette sales in the USA declined 18%, from 21 billion packs in 2000 to 17.4 billion packs in 2007, during the same time period sales of other products, such as moist snuff, increased by 1.10 billion cigarette pack equivalents (Connolly and Alpert 2008). In the USA, the most common smokeless tobacco (ST) products are chewing tobacco (loose leaf, plug, and twist), moist snuff, and dry snuff. Many other forms of smokeless tobacco that are used globally were described in an lARC monograph (lARC 2007). All ST products contain nicotine and other tobacco alkaloids that are inherent to tobacco leaf. 

Unlike cocaine and opium, tobacco and its primary psychoactive ingredient, nicotine, are products of the New World, two species being in cultivation at the time of Columbus. The sale of tobacco to France helped finance much of our Revolutionary War. Thus, together with hemp, tobacco contributed to the young country s positive cash flow. Between the late eighteenth and early twentieth centuries, the primary forms of tobacco use in America were snuff and chewing. By 1911 smoking tobacco became the dominant form. 

---