Tobacco prevalence

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

Cluster headache disorders are the most uncommon and severe primary headache syndromes.9 The estimated point prevalence is less than 1%. Unlike migraine and TTH, cluster headaches occur more frequently in men. Onset commonly occurs prior to age 30.6 A genetic predisposition seems apparent, although affected individuals often provide a history of tobacco use and alcohol abuse.6 Attacks consist of debilitating, unilateral head pains that occur in series lasting up to months at a time, but that remit over months to years between occurrences. In rare instances, cluster headache can be a chronic disorder without remissions.4... 

Weintraub, J.M., Hamilton, W.L. Trends in prevalence of current smoking, Massachusetts and states without tobacco control programmes, 1990 to 1999. Tob. Control. 1 KSuppl. 2) ii8, 2002. 

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD) and Cor pulmonale COLD is known to be an outcome of chronic air pollution exposure. Although tobacco smoke is known to be the major risk factor, studies in India and Nepal have found that non-smoking women who regularly cook on biomass stoves exhibit a higher prevalence of COLD than would be expected, or which appears in women who use them less frequently. Indeed, due to indoor exposure, nearly 15% of non-smoking women in Nepal (20 years and older) had chronic bronchitis a very high rate for nonsmokers (ESCAP, 1995). 

Prevalence of Tobacco Products Other Than Cigarettes... 

Fig. 4 Prevalence of tobacco products use other than cigarettes among youth (figure from Warren 2008)...

Fig. 6 Youth (13-15-years of age) smoking prevalence (constructed from data in global youth tobacco survey 2003 Group GYTSC 2003)...

For those 10 years or older, 43% rural and 28% urban males are regular tobacco users (10.9 and 4.7% for females). Half to two thirds of males are smokers 15-20% of female tobacco users were smokers. Generally, rural areas in India have a 50% higher prevalence of tobacco use compared to urban areas. 

The map of smoking prevalence by state (Fig. 8) reveals the range of smoking across the USA rates are lowest in California, which has had the longest and most active tobacco control program in the country, and Utah, with its large Mormon population. 

Rudatsikira E, Abdo A, Muula AS (2007) Prevalence and determinants of adolescent tobacco smoking in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, BMC Public Health 7(176) 1-6 Sinha DN, Prakash CG, Gangadharan P (2007) Tobacco use among students and school personnel in India, Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev 8 417 21... 

Yang G (2008) Prevalence of smoking in China. In Hu T-W (ed) Tobacco control policy analysis in China economics and health. World Scientific, Singapore... 

Although the prevalence of tobacco smoking has declined, the decline has been less pronounced in women than in men (Fiore 1992). There are gender differences in quit rates women typically are less successful and remain abstinent for shorter... 

Although surveys such as the Monitoring the Future Survey and the National Youth Tobacco Survey provide the most accurate prevalence estimates available for substance use among adolescents, these surveys are restricted to adolescents attending school and so exclude truants and school dropouts. Because these excluded groups are also at increased risk for substance use, the prevalence rates provided by these surveys very likely underestimate the true prevalence rates. 

Nicotine in tobacco has always been used for medicinal purposes. Nicotine solutions made from soaking tobacco leaves in water have been used as pesticides for several hundred years. In modern times, numerous pharmaceutical companies have explored nicotines use for treating diseases. Nicotines most prevalent medicinal use is for smoking cessation in the form of alternate delivery systems such as gums and dermal patches. Nicotine is used medically for numerous conditions and its use is being explored in additional areas including pain relievers, attention deficit disorder medications and medications associated with Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson disease, colitis, herpes, and tuberculosis. Because of nicotines potential therapeutic use, several large tobacco companies have developed pharmaceutical divisions. 

Between 1983 and 1995, cigarette smoking declined for whites (34% to 26%), African Americans (37% to 27%), Hispanics (30% to 19%), and Asian and Pacific Islanders (24% to 15%). The prevalence of tobacco use among Native American and Alaskan Natives stayed at 41% between 1983 and 1995. 

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