Smoking prevalence

Fig. 1 Adult male smoking prevalence (constructed from data in MPOWer- World Health Organization 2008) ...

From MPOWER (World Health Organization 2008), Table la Data was not validated by country focal point in time for publication of this report Current smoking prevalence not vahdated. .. Data not available/not reported... 

Fig. 8 Adult smoking prevalence in the Urvited States (constructed from data in MMWR 2007 Rock et al. 2007)...

The map of smoking prevalence by state (Fig. 8) reveals the range of smoking across the USA rates are lowest in California, which has had the longest and most active tobacco control program in the country, and Utah, with its large Mormon population. 

M. C. Farrelly, K. C. Davis, M. L. Haviland, R Messed, and C. G. Healton, 2005. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between truth antismoking ads and youth smoking prevalence. American Journal of Public Health 95(3) 425—431. 

FAS is normally characterized by growth retardation, anomalies of the head and face, and psychomotor dysfunctions. Excessive consumption of ethyl alcohol may lead to malformations of the heart, extremities, and kidneys. Since consumption of ethyl alcohol is socially acceptable and prevalent even in pregnant women, the risks associated with the use of ethyl alcohol are remarkable. However, it should be kept in mind that there are several chemical compounds in tlie occupational environment that may also cause malformations even at low doses. The oc-cupationally-important known human teratogens include methyl mercury, ethyl alcohol, PCB compounds, tobacco smoke, lead, TCDD, 2,4,5- F, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, gasoline, and fluoride. 

Efficacy. A pivotal study by Hurt et al. (1997) established the efficacy and safety of bupropion SRfor treatment of nicotine dependence, which led to its approval for this indication by the FDA in 1998. This study was a 7-week, double-blind, placebo-controUed, multicenter trial of three doses of bupropion SR (100 mg/day, 150 mg/day, or 300 mg/day in twice daily dosing). Patients were 6l5 cigarette smokers who smoked at least 15 cigarettes/day. The medication was administered in combination with weekly individual cessation counseling. End-of-trial 7-day point prevalence cessation rates were 19.0% for placebo and 28.8%, 38.6%, and 44.2% for the 100 mg/day, 150 mg/day, and 300 mg/day bupropion doses, respectively. At 1-year follow-up, cessation rates were 12.4% for placebo and 19.6%, 22.9%, and 23.1% for the 100 mg/day,... 

Persons with depressive symptoms or major depression also have high rates of smoking (40%-60% prevalence), and depression appears to be a predictor of... 

Genetic factors cannot explain the recent rapid rise in asthma prevalence. Asthma appears to require both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Many patients with occupational asthma develop the disease late in life upon exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Environmental influences in utero or in infancy may contribute to the development of asthma. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke after birth increases the risk of childhood asthma.3 Adult-onset asthma is not uncommon and may be related to atopy, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, occupational exposure, or a recurrence of childhood asthma. 

Although ADHD generally is considered a childhood disorder, symptoms can persist into adolescence and adulthood. The prevalence of adulthood ADHD is estimated to be 4%, with 60% of adults having manifested symptoms of ADHD from childhood.8,9 Further, problems associated with ADHD (e.g., social, marital, academic, career, anxiety, depression, smoking, and substance-abuse problems) increase with the transition of patients into adulthood. 

Bronchial asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs it affects an estimated 9 to 12 million individuals in the U.S. Furthermore, its prevalence has been increasing in recent years. Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction (in particular, bronchospasm), airway inflammation, and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of bronchoactive stimuli. Many factors may induce an asthmatic attack, including allergens respiratory infections hyperventilation cold air exercise various drugs and chemicals emotional upset and airborne pollutants (smog, cigarette smoke). 

Mendez, D., Warner, K.E., Courant, P.N. Has smoking cessation ceased Expected trends in the prevalence of smoking in the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148 249, 1998. 

Weintraub, J.M., Hamilton, W.L. Trends in prevalence of current smoking, Massachusetts and states without tobacco control programmes, 1990 to 1999. Tob. Control. 1 KSuppl. 2) ii8, 2002. 

Nicotine addiction is very complex and pharmacological evidence alongside structure and function analysis of candidate genes may clarify the mechanisms involved. The challenge will be to translate known genetic variation into therapeutic strategies to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the population. 

Lewis D, Antoniak M, Venn A, Davies L, Goodwin A, Salfield N, Britton J and Fogarty A. 2005. Secondhand smoke, dietary food intake, road traffic exposures, and the prevalence of asthma a cross-sectional study in young children. Am J Epidemiol 161 406-411. 

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