Tissue sourcing

Compounds Tissue Source Microarray type Compounds Data Availability Reference... 

Tissue Source Extraction Method Distinct Protein Distinct Protein... 

FIGURE 18-1 Selected bioactive peptides are grouped by structural similarity or by tissue source. 

Products produced from solid tissue sources (excluding procoagulants, venoms, blood products, etc.)... 

Amino add Metabolic significance or tissue source Formula... 

Steroid hormone of carbons Major tissue source... 

Neuropeptides are often grouped by their structural similarity or tissue source. Among these are the hypothalamic releasing factors (e.g., corticotrophin-releasing factor [CRF], thyrotropin-releasing hormone), anteior pituitary hormones (e.g., adrenocorticotrophic hormone [ACTFI], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSFI]), and posterior pituitary hormones... 

Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, complex glycosylation, and lipidation, typically occur in eukaryotic organisms. Therefore, their expression in prokaryotic systems like Escherichia coli is difficult. However, it should be noted that via clever engineering and coexpression of specific enzymes, access can be granted to specific lipidated proteins via expression in bacteria, for example, via the expression of A -myristoyltransferase in E. coli Eukaryotic systems that can be used for the expression of post-translationally modified proteins are yeast and Dictyostelium discoidum. Furthermore, lipidated proteins, such as the Rah proteins, can be obtained via purification from tissue sources or from membrane fractions of insect cells that had been infected with baculovirus bearing a Rah gene. ... 

Wharton et al, 1962). Therefore, the identification of its tissue source has been confounded by adsorption of the pheromone to females and their feces, as well as by the extraordinary sensitivity of the males. The first attempt at identifying the source of pheromone concluded that it was produced in the head (Stiirckow and Bodenstein, 1966), but later studies disproved this unusual finding and now it is generally accepted that the pheromone occurs mainly in the abdomen, specifically in the digestive system, feces, or in glandular tissues in the posterior abdominal segments. 

Over 20 transferases have now been cloned [12], Other glycosyltransferases can be obtained from readily available tissue sources in at least milliunit amounts, which is sufficient for milligram-scale synthesis. These are tabulated in a recent review [13]. 

Messenger RNA is isolated from the tissue source selected to contain the Ab-secreting cells. Spleen, bone marrow, tonsil, and lymph node have all been successfully used as a source Copy DNA (cDNA) is then generated by reverse transcription and Fv or Fab regions amplified by PCR. 

Gap junctions are formed from hexagonal arrays of a rod-shaped protein. Arrays in the membranes of adjacent cells line up to form intercellular channels that can transmit small molecules from cell to cell in some tissues. (Source Adapted from L. Makowski, D. L. D. Caspar, W. C. Phillips, and D. A. Goodenough, Gap junction structures. II. Analysis of the x-ray diffraction data,./. Cell Biol. 74 629, 1977.)... 

Human erythrocytes, peripheral leukocytes and liver have been satisfactorily analyzed, but it should be recognized that each different tissue source may require different extraction conditions and modified solvent gradient elution in order to obtain maximal recoveries and optimal chromatographic resolution of the tissue characteristic glycosphingolipids. Fletcher,... 

In most insects, pheromones are synthesized in specialized cells or tissues associated with the epidermis (Tillman et al., 1999). Biochemical analyses traced the localization of Scolytid pheromone accumulation to portions of the alimentary canal, particularly the hindgut (e.g. Borden et al., 1969 Byers, 1983), but the actual tissue source of pheromone components was unknown. Fortunately, the tight correlation of HMG-R gene expression with pheromone component biosynthesis meant that hybridization techniques could be used to map the location of pheromone biosynthesis. Northern blots provided the first maps, while in situ hybridizations definitively showed which tissues were elevating HMG-R mRNA in response to feeding or JH III treatment. As with endocrine regulation studies, the molecular and biochemical data complemented each other. 

Many isoenzymes have been identified from various human tissue sources however, our consideration will deal with six erythrocytic systems that have received routine crime laboratory status. These are phosphoglucomutase (PGM), adenylate kinase (AK), adenosine deaminase (ADA), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and erythrocytic acid phosphatase (EAP). 

Current concepts suggest that every extracellular matrix contains one or more proteoglycans in addition to collagens and glycoproteins. Proteoglycans are often classified on the bases of the glycosaminoglycan chains that they bear and their tissue source. However, it is their core proteins that are the unique gene products (Hassell et al., 1986). 

Cultured cells are described as being fibroblast-like (spindle shaped) or epithelial-like (polygonal). These names are not very useful as the shape of cells varies depending on the medium and cell density. Furthermore, as cells from an increasingly varied tissue source are being cultured, cells are best described with regard to their origin, e.g. neuronal cells, myoblasts, lymphocytes etc. Many tissues contain two or more types of cell and this can lead to confusion. 

Table 1.3. Location and tissue source of some of the different collagens...

To create explants, dormant Jerusalem artichoke tubers are typically cut into 25-mm-thick slices, from which cylinders of tissue are fashioned. Cylindrical shapes are favored because they can be uniformly reproduced and have a high ratio of surface area to volume that optimizes gas and nutrient exchange, and facilitates callus formation. A small size is desirable to maximize the number of explants obtained from the same tissue source. Jerusalem artichoke tuber explant size is typically around 2.4 by 2.0 mm. The minimum size is usually 8 mg and approximately 20,000 cells (Yeoman, 1973), although some reports have used smaller explant sizes (e.g., Caplin, 1963). 

Non-specific binding of the secondary antibody with an animal tissue specimen. Use a secondary antibody that has been absorbed against a species specimen, or use a secondary antibody produced in a host that exhibits little or no cross-reactivity with the tissue source. 57-60, see also 115-121... 

Tissue Specimen Successful staining of tissue with an IHC marker is dependent on the type and preparation of the specimen. Record in the chart below, the species of the animal to be tested, the tissue source or organ from which it was collected, the collection method, how the specimen was fixed and tissue... 

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