Adrenocorticotrophic hormone,

ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone Met, methionine Met(O), methionine sulfoxide DTT, dithiothreitol L7, L12, Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins Met(0)-L12, L12 containing Met(O) residues a-l-PI, a-1-proteinase inhibitor Met(0)-a-l-PI, a-l-PI... 

R Schwyzer, P Sieber. The total synthesis of adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Nature 199, 172, 1963. 

Neuropeptides are often grouped by their structural similarity or tissue source. Among these are the hypothalamic releasing factors (e.g., corticotrophin-releasing factor [CRF], thyrotropin-releasing hormone), anteior pituitary hormones (e.g., adrenocorticotrophic hormone [ACTFI], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSFI]), and posterior pituitary hormones... 

High doses of caffeine produce a stresslike neuroendocrine response (Spindel 1984 Spindel et al. 1984). This includes increased levels of corticosterone, jS-endorphin, and decreased serum growth hormone and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone in the rat. However, similar effects are not observed in humans until approximately 500 mg is consumed, the equivalent of 5 cups of coffee. At this dose in humans, elevations are seen in adrenocorticotrophic hormone, jS-endorphin, and cortisol. 

Neuroendocrine In human subjects with Aizheimer s disease, intravenous infusion of arecoiine caused eievations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisoi, and j8-endorphin, indicating an activation of the hypothaiamic-pituitary-adrenai axis (Asthana etai. 1995). 

Neuroendocrine Reduces testicular production of testosterone Enhances target responsivity to gonadotropins Reduces LH and prolactin secretion Increases adrenocorticotrophic hormone levels Increases corticosterone levels... 

Hippocampus Region primarily concerned with learning and short-term memory. Hypothalamus Part of the diencephalon comprising several nuclei where hormones such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are S5mthesized and pass to the pituitary gland. Involved in the regulation of the peripheral autonomic system and pituitary hormones such as prolactin, growth hormone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. 

Figure 13.1 Schematic outiine of the hypothaiamo-pituitary-adrenai axis and stress hormones. CRF, corticotrophin-reieasing factors ADH, antidiuretic hormone HGH, human growth hormone TSH, thyroidstimuiating hormone POMC, proopiomeianocortin MSH, meianocyte-stimuiating hormone ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone.

It is well known that neuroendocrine changes with advancing age provide information about CNS functions [183]. The serum prolactin (PRL) level increases in old rats (26 months old) compared with young rats (3 months old). Administration of EGb (10 mg/kg/day, p.o., for 7 days) decreases the blood PRL level, while greatly increasing adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACIH) in old rats compared with age-matched controls. On the other hand, EGb, at a dose of 30 mg/kg, decreases the serum level of growth hormone (GH) and ACTH in young rats compared with age-matched controls [157]. 

As well as the sex hormones already mentioned (see above), many other hormones seem to affect the metabolism of foreign compounds and therefore may have effects on toxicity. A number of pituitary hormones may directly, as well as indirectly, affect metabolism, for example, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin. Thus, hypophysectomy in male rats results in a general decrease in metabolism, but the effects of some of the individual hormones may depend on the sex of the animal and the particular enzyme or metabolic pathway. For example, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration decreases oxidative metabolism in males but increases N-demethylation in female rats. Removal of the adrenal gland reduces metabolism, such as ethylmorphine demethylation and aniline 4-hydroxylation, and this can... 

ANTIBIOTICS - GLYCOPEPTIDES (DALBAHEPTIDES)] (Vol 2) ACTH. See Adrenocorticotrophic hormone. 

The adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH (corticotropin) stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete the glucocorticoids hydrocortisone (cortisol) and corticosterone, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and a number of weakly androgenic substances, as well as a small amount of testosterone. Aldosterone synthesis is also regulated by renin and angiotensin. 

Muller H, Hiemke C, Hammes E, Hess G. Sub-acute effects of interferon-alpha 2 on adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992 17(5) 459-65. 

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