Thermal and explosion

Agrawal and co-workers prepared some energetic explosives containing nitrate ester, nitramine and aromatic C-nitro functionality within the same molecule and studied their thermal and explosive properties l-(2-nitroxyethylnitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene... 

Similarly, 5-picrylamino-l,2,3,4-tetrazole (PAT) (116) " " and 5,5 -styphnylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (SAT) (117) " have been synthesized by condensing picryl chloride and styphnyl chloride with 5-amino-l,2,3,4-tetrazole in methanol respectively. A comparison of thermal and explosive properties of newly synthesized PAT (calculated VOD 8126 m/s) and SAT (calculated VOD 8602 m/s) reveals that PAT is more thermally stable than SAT but more sensitive to impact and friction. " ... 

J. P. Agrawal, V. K. Bapat, R. R. Mahajan, Mehilal and P. S. Makashir, A Comparative Study of Thermal and Explosive Behaviour of 5- Picrylamino-l,2,3,4-Tetrazole (PAT) and 5,5 -Styphnylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (SA ) , International Work-Shop on Unsteady Combustion and Interior Ballistics, St. Petersburg, Russia, Vol. 1, June 25-30, 2000, 199. 

Agrawal and co-workers" " also conducted extensive studies into the synthesis, characterization and thermal and explosive behaviour of (113) (K-56, TNABN). 2,5,7,9-Tetraazabi-cyclo[4.3.0]nonane-8-one (112) was synthesized from the direct reaction of ethylenediamine with glyoxal, followed by reaction of the resulting cyclic imine with urea in concentrated hydrochloric acid nitration of (112) was achieved in 51 % yield with a mixture of nitric acid-acetic anhydride. Agrawal showed that K-56/TNABN is significantly more resistant to hydrolytic destruction than TNGU. 

ANTA (114) readily forms a stable anion on reaction with bases like sodium ethoxide and this anion has been used as a nucleophile for the synthesis of many ANTA derivatives. Laval and co-workers synthesizedDANTNP (116) (calculated VOD 8120 m/s, = 1.84 g/cm, m.p. > 330 °C) from the reaction of 4,6-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (115) with two equivalents of ANTA (114) in the presence of sodium ethoxide. Agrawal and co-workers studied the thermal and explosive properties of both ANTA and DANTNP and suggested their use for applications in propellant/explosive formulations where insensitivity coupled with thermal stability is of prime importance. The activation energies of ANTA and DANTNP indicate that DANTNP is more thermally stable than ANTA. 

Agrawal and co-workers reported the synthesis of two tetrazole-based explosives, namely, 5-picrylamino-l,2,3,4-tetrazole " (PAT) (149) and 5,5 -styphnylamino-l,2,3,4-tetrazole (SAT) (150) from the reaction of 5-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrazole (148) with picryl chloride and styphnyl chloride respectively. These explosives have been studied for their thermal and explosive properties. The thermal stability of SAT (exotherm peak at 123 °C) is lower than PAT (exotherm peak at 185 °C), which is possibly attributed to the decreased electron-withdrawing power of the picryl group by being attached to two tetrazole units. PAT and SAT have calculated VODs of 8126 m/s and 8602 m/s respectively. ... 

A number of explosives for various applications have been synthesized, characterized for structural aspects, thermal and explosive properties by us in India and are being evaluated [193-198] for their intended end-use. The evaluation of BTATNB [Structure (2.27)] indicates that it is slightly more thermally stable than PATO [Structure (2.24)] coupled with better insensitivity toward impact and friction [71]. The data on thermal and explosive properties of some aromatic nitrate esters suggest that l,3,5-tris(2-nitroxyethyl nitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene [Structure (2.54)] is a potential substitute of PETN [193]. An explosive called 2,4,6-tris (3,5 -diamino-2, 4, 6 -trinitrophenylamino)-l,3,5-triazene [designated as PL-1 Structure (2.55)] is a new thermally stable and insensitive explosive which on comparison with TATB suggests that it is slightly inferior to TATB [Structure... 

We have also reported a new explosive called, N,N -bis(l,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,4 -diamino-2,2, 3,3,5,5,6,6,-oclarnlroazobenzene (BTDAONAB) [Structure (2.39)], prepared on a laboratory scale and characterized for its thermal and explosive characteristics [25]. This explosive possesses a remarkable thermal stability which is better than the most thermally stable explosive, TATB and at the same time, its VOD is more than that of TATB. The chemical structures of some newly reported explosives are depicted in Figure 2.3. 

Table 4.4 Some physical, thermal and explosive properties of ADN.

Table 4.6b Some thermal and explosive properties of energetic binders for explosives and propellants.

This book is split into six well-defined chapters Salient Features of Explosives, Status of Explosives, Processing and Assessment of Explosives, Propellants, Pyrotechnics, and Explosive and Chemical Safety. Further, the book includes an exhaustive bibliography at the end of each chapter (total references cited are more than 1000). It also provides the status of HEMs reported mainly during the last 50 years, including their prospects for military applications in the light of their physical, chemical, thermal and explosive properties. The likely development areas for further research are also highlighted. Accidents, fires and explosions in the explosive and chemical industries may be eliminated or minimized if the safety measures described in this book are implemented. 

Tab. 1.2b Comparative data of the thermal and explosive properties of TATB, HNS, BTDAONAB and BeTDAONAB.

This account, supplementary to the recent review of the chemistry of the nitrates of simple aliphatic alcohols, describes the preparation, properties, and reactions of carbohydrate nitrates, but deals neither with the important physical properties nor with the thermal and explosive decompositions of polysaccharide (especially cellulose) nitrates. 

CADMIUM OXIDE (1306-19-0) CdO Noncombustible solid. Violentreaction with magnesium in the presence of heat. Forms explosive mixture with aluminum, ammonium perchlorate chlorine trifluoride. Explodes or ignites on contact with hyi-azinium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide (90%), hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen trisulfide, lithium. Can increase the thermal and explosive sensitivity of nitroalkanes,... 

The hazards characteristic of a cell room are the electrical hazards. These carry the danger of electrocution and other damage to the human body, and they play a role in some of the thermal and explosion hazards. The thermal hazard of hot buswork has in fact been responsible for more injuries than the electrical hazard. Chlorine Institute... 

Talawar, M.B., Agrawal, A.P., Anniyappan, M, Wani, D.S., Bansode, M.K., Gore, G.M. Primary explosives Electrostatic discharge initiatimi, additive effect and its relation to thermal and explosive characteristics. J. Hazard. Matra-. 137,1074-1078 (2006)... 

Mehilal, S.N., Chougule, S.K., Sikder, A.K., Gandhe, B.R. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal and explosive properties of alkali metal salts of 5,7-diamino-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (CL-14). J. Energetic Mater. 22, 117-126 (2004)... 

Mehilal, S.A.K., Pawar, S., Sikder, N. Synthesis, characterization, thermal and explosive properties of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan salts. J. Hazard. Mater. 90, 221-227 (2002)... 

---