Explosives and energetics

Meihem, G., et al. 1997, Explosions and Energetic Events (EEE) Modeling Guidance for Accident Consequence Mid Safety Analysis, Draft Report, A.D. Little Inc., January. 

Abstract- Results of experiments on Phytoremediation of Explosive and Energetic Compounds indicates that Phytoremediation is a promising technology for various levels of energetic compounds including TNT. This paper explores both the mechanisms and provides results of the work on phytoremediation. 

A huge number of ester and carbonate derivatives of polynitroaliphatic alcohol have been synthesized driven by the search for new explosives and energetic plasticizers and oxidizers for propellant and explosive formulations. Most of these are derived from 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethanol and 2,2,2-trinitroethanol ° and have excellent oxygen balances. Some examples are illustrated above (168-174) but more comprehensive lists can be found in numerous reviews. " " Direct esterification of polynitroaliphatic alcohols with nitric acid, mixed acid, or acetic anhydride-nitric acid has been used as a route to mixed polynitroaliphatic-nitrate ester explosives. ... 

R. J. Spear and W. S. Wilson, Recent Approaches to the Synthesis of High Explosive and Energetic Materials , J. Energ. Mater., 1984, 2, 61-149. 

Most explosives which are used by the military are solids under normal conditions and are usually obtained as granules on a technical scale. These granules are then mixed with other explosives and energetic (e.g. binder, plastiziser) or non-energetic additives (anti-oxidants, wetters, wax) and made into their final form using one of the following technical processes ... 

As discussed above, thermobaric weapons contain monopropellants or secondary explosives and energetic particles. Boron, aluminum, silicon, titanium, magnesium, zirconium and carbon can be considered to be energetic particles. The main advantage of thermobaric systems is that they release large quantities of heat and pressure, often in amounts larger than for only secondary explosives. 

D. Explosives and energetic materials incorporated in the munitions will be destroyed by incineration. 

Here we focus on some recent highlights in both core collapse and thermonuclear supernova studies, which became possible mainly due to increasingly accurate radiation hydrodynamic calculations with a detailed treatment of neutrino processes. We also briefly describe recent success of asymmetric SN simulations (2D magneto-rotational collapse). Next we focus on recently established link between GRB explosions and energetic type Ibc supemovae (hypernovae) and discuss recent ideas on the GRB progenitors. We hypothesize that different core collapse outcomes may lead to the formation of different classes of GRBs. 

Process Description Obsolete munitions and rocket motors can be inspected and reused for training or similar applications. Explosives and energetic materials can be remanufactured into new explosive products, or processed to separate and recover the energetic materials for reuse (see Figure 3.2). 

Constituents. The military use a range of chemicals as explosives and propellants, which are sometimes termed "energetic molecules". 

Explosives. Explosives can be detected usiag either radiation- or vapor-based detection. The aim of both methods is to respond specifically to the properties of the energetic material that distinguish it from harmless material of similar composition. A summary of techniques used is given ia Table 7. These techniques are useful for detecting organic as well as inorganic explosives (see Explosives and propellants). 

This change in editorial leadership has resulted, perhaps inevitably, in a change in editorial policy which is reflected in the contents of Volume 8. There has been a marked de-emphasis on the inclusion of organic parent compounds followed by an exhaustive and voluminous cataloging of azide, azido, azo, diazido, diazonium, diazo, nitro, dinitro, polynitro, hitr amine, nitrate (esters and salts), dinitrate, poly nitrate, nitroso, polynitroso, chlorate, perchlorate, peroxide, picrate, etc, derivatives — regardless of whether any of these derivatives exhibit documented explosive or energetic properties. Only those materials having such properties have been included in this volume... 

Energetic Materials - Reactions of Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics... 

Polymerizing, Decomposing, and Rearranging Substances Most of these substances are stable under normal conditions or with an added inhibitor, but can energetically self-react with the input of thermal, mechanical, or other form of energy sufficient to overcome its activation energy barrier (see Sec. 4, Reaction Kinetics, Reactor Design, and Thermodynamics). The rate of self-reaction can vary from imperceptibly slow to violently explosive, and is likely to accelerate if the reaction is exothermic or self-catalytic. 

For onsite analysis, the examination of the vast number of samples necessitates the use of quick, reliable, field portable equipment that can rapidly, quantitatively verify the many chemically different types of ammunition, explosives, and pyrotechnics. The most common suite of analytes to detect is large, consisting of very chemically different compounds and usually occurs at trace levels in complex environmental matrices. This suite encompasses smokeless powders, black powders, and numerous propellant and energetic formulations. Detection should also be sought for common decomposition products of these explosives such as the methylanalines, aminonitrotoluenes, nitrotoluenes, mono- and dinitoroglycerines, and the nitrobenzenes under on-site conditions. 

Syntheses of 5 energetic aliphatic azido compounds are described caution is necessary in handling these because of their impact-sensitivity [1], A later symposium on energetic materials, here meaning explosives and popellants, is reported [2], Individual compounds are ... 

Further aluminum pour tests were made in a heavy-wall stainless steel tank fitted with Lucite side windows. The tank was supported on a force transducer and pressure transducers were located on either end. In a test, after the spill, there was a predetermined delay and then the wire was exploded. The aluminum usuaUy had puddled on the tank bottom before the wire explosion and steam bubbles could be seen. The shock from the wire explosion usually collapsed the film and, following this, the aluminum expanded. If the shock were sufficiently energetic, the aluminum soon fragmented and expelled the water from the tank in a thermal explosion. In such cases, the force transducers on the bottom ranged from 5 to 10 N sec. (The exploding wire alone led to impulses around 1 N sec.) Efficiencies of an explosion calculated as indicated above were low. 

Preliminary evaluations of polynitropolycyclic compounds reveal that this class of energetic materials is relatively powerful and shock insensitive, and so, well suited for use in future explosive and propellant formulations. 

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