Thermal of Explosives and Propellants

Refs 1) P.F. Macy et al, Investigation of Sensitivity of Fertilizer Grade Ammonium Nitrate to Explosion , PicArsn SFALTech-Rept 1658(1947) 2) E. Harvey et al, JACS 

3270(1954) (Kinetics of isothermal decompn of K perchlorate) 3) Inst of Study of Rate Processes, Univ of Utah, The Isothermal Decomposition of Tetryl and Hydrazine Nitrate , TechRept No XL111 (Dec 1954) Contract N7-onr-45107 4) R.M. 

---

Condensed Explosives, Decomposition Thermal. See under Decomposition, Thermal of Explosives and Propellants in this Section... 

Decomposition, Thermal of Explosives ond Propellants. Influence of Pressure and Temperature. It is important to keep in mind the distinction betw the effects of pressure and temperature on the beginning of thermal de-compn of expls and proplnts and on its progress once it is started. Often the effects of pressure and temp are similar as, for example, when hydrocarbon mixtures are subjected to high pressure and temp simultaneously. In some of these cases nonflammable gas mixts might become explosive, "mild reactions become violent and "stable gas mixtures become spontaneously reactive (Ref 10, p 143)... 

Thermal Analysis of Explosives and Propellants under Controlled Atmospheres , AnalChem 33, 1451-53(1961) 9) R-N. 

Vacuum Stability Test was designed by Faraer(Ref 1) for detn of stability of explosives and propellants. In this tear the thermal decompn of a sample is followed by observing the rise In pressure of the gases given... 

Probably the most important characteristic of military and commercial explosives and solid rocket propellants is performance as related to end use and safety. Performance can be described by a variety of conventional properties such as thermal stability, shock sensitivity, friction sensitivity, explosive power, burning, or detonation rate, and so on. Thermal analysis methods, according to Maycock (51), show great promise for providing information on both these conventional properties and other parameters of explosive and propellant systems. The thermal properties have been determined mainly by TG and DTA techniques and isothermal or adiabatic constant-volume decomposition. Physical processes in pseudostable ma-... 

The thermal properties of explosives and propellanl compositions are widely studied by DTA and DSC. Fauth (47) recorded the DTA curves of some hydrazine, guanidine and guanidinium picrates, slyphnates, and sulfates. The decomposition temperatures found were generally considerably lower than those reported in the literature. Other picrates, those with thallium, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, and letraethylammonium, were studied by Stammler (27). David (28) and Bohon (29) examined the thermal behavior of explosives and propellants under various external pressures up... 

Grebennikov VN, Manelis GB, Nazin GM, Fokin AV (1994) Russ Chem Bull 43 315 Manelis GB, Nazin GM, Rubtsov Yul, Strunin VA (2003) Thermal decomposition and combustion of explosives and propellants. Taylor Francis, London, chap 7 Park J, Chakraborty D, Jamindar S, Xia WS, Lin MC, Bedford C (2002) Thermochim Acta 384 101... 

Manelis, G.B., Nazin, G.M., Yu.I. Rubstov, and Strunin, V.A. (2003) Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Explosives and Propellants, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, London. 

The reaction with fluorine occurs spontaneously and explosively, even in the dark at low temperatures. This hydrogen—fluorine reaction is of interest in rocket propellant systems (99—102) (see Explosives and propellants, propellants). The reactions with chlorine and bromine are radical-chain reactions initiated by heat or radiation (103—105). The hydrogen-iodine reaction can be carried out thermally or catalyticaHy (106). 

Table 4.6b Some thermal and explosive properties of energetic binders for explosives and propellants.

Epreuves de stability des explcsifs et dss poudre s (Stability Tests for Explosives and Propellants). A list of Thermal Stability Tests is given under Heat Tests in Vol 1 of Encycl, p XV. As example of tests used... 

A-Nitro and acetyl-substituted 1,3,5,7-tetrazocanes are important compounds as explosives and propellants <1996CHEG-II(9)705>. In the syntheses of the nitro-substituted 1,3,5,7-tetrazocanes, their processing, and application, it is possible that they come into contact with ammonium nitrate, or they are directly mixed with this oxidant. Thermal reactivity of the nitro-substituted 1,3,5,7-tetrazocanes has been examined by means of nonisothermal differential thermal analysis <2005MI11>. It has been established that impurities of ammonium nitrate can destabilize some A-substituted 1,3,5,7-tetrazocanes and that this effect is due to acidolytic attack of nitric acid. 

The combination of thermal stability with the results of preliminary explosive properties is unique and thus creates a renewed interest in its suitability for further studies in explosive and propellant formulations. 

Nitrosamine (RpNNO) Containing Compounds. Nitrosamines are receiving attention in the explosives and propellants field, not so much for their value as primary materials, but from the fact they have been identified among the slow and fast thermal decomposition products of nitramines [42-44] and alkylammonium nitrate salts [70,72,73]. 

---