The National Institutes of Health

Medicinal chemistry research also takes place in three of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It s a great place to work at the interface between chemistry and biology, said Dr. Kenneth Kirk, Acting Chief of the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry. His institute, which is the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases, and two others employ 20 to 30 organic chemists in tenured research jobs. The other two are the National Cancer Institute (NCI), which operates the Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 

Those Ph.D. chemists who are U.S. citizens employed in the NIH receive permanent positions after a probationary term. During it they demonstrate their ability to carry out independent research. A search committee finds suitable candidates for tenured positions, some of whom come from the ranks of intramural postdoctoral researchers. It s tough to get a permanent position, said Kirk (personal communication), but the experience of working here as a post-doc can be extremely useful. United States citizens who hold Ph.D. degrees win Intramural Training Awards, while foreign nationals receive Visiting Fellowships. However, few positions either temporary or permanent go to B.S. or M.S. chemists. 

The NIH and NCI also employ chemists in technology transfer positions. The scientists work not as researchers but as coordinators who gather intelligence concerning patentable inventions made by NIH and NCI investigators. 

They convey this news from the researchers to administrators who decide whether to patent the inventions, disclose them publicly, or to release the rights to their inventors. 

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The authors thank Y. Oono and M. Balsera for invaluable contributions to the joint development of SMD and J. Gullingsrud for many suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript. Images of molecular systems were produced with the program VMD (Humphrey et al., 1996). This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health (PHS 5 P41 RR05969-04), the National Science Foundation (BIR-9318159, BIR 94-23827 (EQ)), and the Roy J. Carver Charitable Trust. 

This research was supported by grants from the Israel Science Foundation, Israel Science Ministry and the National Institutes of Health to RE. 

The primary developers of NAMD 1 were M. Nelson, W. Humphrey, A. Gursoy, A. Dalke and R. Brunner. The primary developers of NAMD 2 were J. Phillips, A. Shinozaki, R. Brunner, N. Krawetz, M. Bhandarkar and A. Gursoy. NAMD development was performed at the National Institutes of Health Resource for Concurrent Biological Computing under the supervision of principal investigators L.V. Kale, R. Skeel, and K. Schulten. This work was... 

In 1964 Douglas Cart Engelbart (Stanford Research Institute in California) developed the mouse as an input device and Bill Enghsh built its prototype from a carved block of wood with a single red button. Shortly thereafter, the mouse was used at the Lister Hill Center of the National Institutes of Health for the input of chemical structures. 

The National Institutes of Health-EPA mass spectral library is used to identify analyzed components of a sample by comparing their mass spectra with those of authentic specimens held in the library. 

Research on an hCG vaccine has been conducted over the past 15 years. WHO has conducted a phase I clinical study in AustraUa, using a vaccine based on a synthetic C-terminal peptide (109—141) of P-hCG conjugated to Diptheria Toxoid (CTP-DT), that showed potentially effective contraceptive levels of antibodies were produced in vaccinated women without any adverse side effects. Phase II clinical studies are under consideration to determine if the immune response, raised to its prototype anti-hCG vaccine, is capable of preventing pregnancy in fertile women volunteers (115). While research on the C-terminal peptide from the P-subunit of hCG has been carried out under the auspices of WHO, research supported by the Population Council and the National Institutes of Health has involved two alternative vaccine candidates (109,116,118). 

Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794. Partial support was provided by the National Institutes of Health (Grant No. CA22741). 

D. Computational Biophysics Related at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)... 

Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, XashvUle, Tenn. 37235. This work was supported b - grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Health. 

The research leading to the syntheses which are outlined in Part Two was generously supported over the years by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and Pfizer, Inc. 

The Japanese regulatory authority is the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) and the Pharmaceutical and Medical Safety Bureau (PSMB) is responsible for the promulgation of national and international guidelines in the form of Notifications. Guidelines are available on the Internet web-site of the National Institute of Health and Science (http //www.nihs.go.jp). The MHW has not issued specific guidance on the development of chiral drugs, but has nonetheless responded to the enantiomer-versus-racemate scientific debate. The attitude of the MHW and its advisory body, the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council (CPAC) is discussed in two articles by Shindo and Caldwell published in 1991 and 1995 [17, 18]. The latter paper analyzes the results of a survey of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry which sought responses on chirality issues. 

The authors thank D. H. Murray and E. J. Hedgley for samples of compounds 9 and 11, respectively. The support of grants GM-12328 and AI-07570 from the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, is acknowledged by D. C. Dejongh. The mass spectrometer was purchased by Wayne State University under Grant CP-1476 from the National Science Foundation. 

The greater part of the book was written while L. S. was Visiting Professor at Harvard University. He sincerely thanks the Chemistry Department for their kind hospitality. W. L. J was a recipient of a Graduate Research Assistantship under the sponsorship of the Department of Chemistry at Harvard and the National Institutes of Health. 

The authors thank Ms. Sarah Shema for proof reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants to A.S. from the National Institutes of Health, NEDDK (NIH DK066336-01) and a Career Development Award from the American Diabetes Association. 

D.D.L. was supported by an NIH training grant (HL 076922). P.deL. is the Florence and Arthur Brock Established Investigator of the Chicago Lung Association. This work was supported, in part, by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL 35808 and HL 02411) to P.deL. 

The author thanks Drs. Jane Bottenstein and Bernard Schimmer for photographs of differentiated cells, and The Educational Technology Department of The State University of New York at Buffalo for illustrations. This work was supported in part by The National Institutes of Health Grant 9 ROl DK4028607. 

The National Institutes of Health is the premier sponsor of health-related research in the... 

Research on Fe-S proteins in the Johnson laboratory is supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (GM45597 and GM51962) and by a National Science Foundation Research Training Grant Award to the Center for Metalloenzyme Studies (BIR-9413236). 

We are grateful to the National Institutes of Health for research support E.J. F. is supported by an NIH Research Service Award and a Ralph M. Parsons Fellowship. B. S. E. is supported by a pre-doctoral fellowship from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 

All procedures performed in this study conform to the "Guide to the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. All research facilities are accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care. 

This work was supported by Grant GM 27256 from the National Institutes of Health and Grant DA 02507 from the National Institute of Drug Abuse. LL. is an American Cancer Society Research Professor of Biochemistry (Award PRP-21). H.V.V. is the recipient of a Research Career Award (5K6-AI-2372) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. We thank Dr. Y. Hirata of Meijo University for generous gifts of palytoxin isolated from Palythoa tuberculosa. We thank Dr. T. Yasumoto, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, for the maitotoxin preparation. We thank also Jeffrey A. Bessette and Nancy Worth for their technical assistance and Inez Zimmerman for preparation of the manuscript. 

This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, a grant for the Program for a Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, grants from the Foundation for Promotion of Cancer Research, the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Foundation, and the Smoking Research Foundation., and by Grant CA 12623 from the National Institutes of Health. 

Born in 1965 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, Marjolein van der Meulen received her Bachelors degree in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1987. Thereafter, she received her MS (1989) and PhD (1993) from Stanford University. She spent three years as a biomedical engineer at the Rehabilitation R D Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs in Palo Alto, CA. In 1996, Marjolein joined the faculty of Cornell University as an Assistant Professor in the Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering. She is also an Assistant Scientist at the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York. She received a FIRST Award from the National Institutes of Health in 1995 and a Faculty Early Career Development Award from the National Science Foundation in 1999. Her scientific interests include skeletal mechanobiology and bone structural behavior. 

In each of these situations It Is possible to list the appropriate literature reference The search procedure has been designed In an Interactive mode so that even an Individual who has never used It may obtain an explanation for a particular problem, but the experienced searcher can by-pass the longer Interactive search routine This mode of operation Is In use only at the National Institutes of Health and a simpler procedure Is used In Evanston Hospital ... 

The file Is used routinely In the laboratory at the National Institutes of Health In an attempt to explain abnormal test results The resident physicians affiliated with the Clinical Chemistry Service discuss the results with the patient-care physicians and determine If the results were due to the patient s clinical state or to a drug effect This close monitoring of test results has led to recognition of deficiencies In what Is believed are specific enzymatic procedures for the measurement of glucose and uric acid Likewise, the gualac procedure for occult blood In feces was found to yield false negative results under certain circumstances This has prompted the development of a more specific procedure (Jaffe et al unpublished) ... 

The file may be queried In response to questions from clinical staff at the National Institutes of Health and physlr-clans and laboratory scientists throughout the country who submit their problems by letter or telephone The file has been used to provide Information for a pharmaceutical manufacturing company preparing a new drug application to the Food and Drug Administration For the latter organlzatloi the file has been... 

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants DA06650, DA16544, DA13429, DA 14230, and T32DA07237. 

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