Volunteers, women

This model accurately predicted the time curves for blood concentration and urinary excretion of metabolites by male volunteers exposed to 100 ppm trichloroethylene (Sato et al. 1991). It was found that, while the amount of metabolite excretion increases with body weight, the concentration does not, because of a corresponding increase in urinary volume. Also, women and obese people, compared with slim men, have lower concentrations but longer residence times of blood trichloroethylene because of their higher fat content (Sato et al. 1991). As a consequence, the model predicted that 16 hours after exposure to trichloroethylene, one could expect a woman s blood level to be 30% higher and an obese man s level to be twofold higher than that of a slim man (Sato 1993). 

These correlation studies stimulated experiments to identify the active chemical cues. Russell etal. (1980) rubbed underarm perspiration from a single woman onto the upper lip of five women aged 19-39 years. After 5 months, the odor-exposed women differed from one another in their onset of the menstrual cycle by 3.4 days, on average, compared with 9.2 days in the control group. Before the experiment, the mean differences had been 9.3 and 8.0 days, respectively. The volunteers were aware of the purpose of the experiment. 

A controlled dermal exposure study was conducted recently at Oregon State University in which 2,1, 5-T ester formulation was applied to the skin of humans (lU) Four concentrations of 2,1+,5-T ester emulsion were applied to the point of runoff on bleached denim patches, 900 square centimeters in area. The patches were then held in close contact with the skin on the upper thigh of four volunteers, including one woman. The patches were removed after 2 hours and total urine was collected for 5 days. As shown in Table IV, less than 0.5% of the applied 2,U,5-T was absorbed from the cloth, even when soaked with concentrated spray solutions. 

Annie is an elderly lady who lives with a one-eyed cat and a budgie. She is rather overweight and sometimes out of breath. Annie is very involved in the community, helps with many voluntary activities organized by the local Community Volunteers office and is generally considered quite active for a woman of over 70 years of age. Annie has had mild asthma for some years, but it troubles her very little and is well controlled. 

In a 42-year-old woman, the serum lithium concentration rose from 0.5 to 1.4 mmol/1 after she increased her topiramate dose from 500 to 800 mg/day (606). The authors speculated that topiramate had interfered with lithium excretion. On the other hand, in a crossover study in healthy volunteers, 6 days of treatment with topiramate did not significantly alter serum lithium concentrations however, the maximum topiramate dose was only 200 mg/ day and one subject did have about a 70% fall in lithium Cmax and AUC (607). 

This spirit of philanthropy and charity was epitomized in the U.S. Sanitary Commission. Immediately after President Lincoln s caU for 75,000 volunteer troops, three days after the attack on Fort Sumter on April 12,1861, women throughout the North rallied to provide assistance. That same day the women of Bridgeport, Connecticut, met to plan relief efforts, and ladies in Lowell, Massachusetts, and Cleveland, Ohio, soon followed.The organization that would form the nucleus of the commission, however, was the Woman s Central Relief Association of New York, led by Louisa Lee Schuyler (1837-1926), who had already made her reputation for charity through her work with the Children s Aid Society.n... 

A 36-year-old woman developed generalized urticaria during a second course of treatment with rifamycin eye-drops within a month and a 49-year-old man had systemic urticaria, bronchospasm, and hypotension shortly after his surgical wound had been washed with a solution of rifamycin (83). Both patients had positive skin prick tests to rifamycin (1 mg/ml) when tested several weeks after the acute episode, while 10 healthy volunteers had negative tests. The woman also had a positive skin prick test to rifampicin 2 mg/ml, although she had never taken it before. 

The researchers next treated one human. (No strangulation was attempted this time. It s hard to find volunteers.) A 60-year-old woman developed "vascular collapse" of unknown cause. She had an abnormal heartbeat and practically no blood pressure. Within one minute of H202 infusion, her heart reverted to normal and blood pressure returned to a normal level. 

Urinary excretion rates of p-nitrophenol were found in 7 volunteers who had inhaled 6 ppm nitrobenzene for 6 hours (Salmowa et al. 1963). The rate of urinary elimination varied considerably from individual to individual, but showed a general dose dependence at 1 to 6 ppm nitrobenzene. In general, excretion was most rapid during the first two hours and then leveled off. In some cases, p-nitrophenol could be detected for as long as 100 hours after exposure to 6 ppm for 6 hours. In a 47-year-old woman who had been occupationally exposed to nitrobenzene for 17 months, p-nitrophenol and p-aminophenol were found in the urine (Ikeda and Kita 1964). 

Meloxicam A 49-year-old woman who had bipolar disorder and had been on stable lithium therapy for years developed moderately intense lithium toxicity (confusion, lethargy, ataxia, hypertonia, and hyperreflexia) 3 days after starting to take meloxicam 15 mg/day. Her serum lithium concentration exceeded 5 mmol/1. She was treated with venovenous hemodialysis but had sequelae that required prolonged hospitalization [63 ]. In healthy volunteers co-administration of meloxicam increased lithium concentrations by an average of 21% and reduced lithium clearance by 83% [64 ]. 

Mineral balance Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and a moderate reduction in 25-hydroxycholecalciferol have been attributed to omeprazole in a 67-year-old man, confirmed by rechallenge [62" ], and hypocalcemia in a 50-year-old woman [63" ]. Despite these and other case reports, suggesting interference by proton pump inhibitors with calcium absorption, two randomized, controlled, crossover trials in healthy volunteers and postmenopausal women showed no effect of esomeprazole or omeprazole on calcium absorption [64 , 65 ]. Other mechanisms (for example, increased excretion) should therefore be sought for hypocalcemia and an increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. 

However, there is also evidence that adverse reactions may be more common when this combination is used. During a pharmacokinetic study in healthy volunteers a 68-year-old woman developed severe thrombocytopenia after taking the combination, and no other drug therapy, for 2 weeks [266 j. Her platelet count fell from 200 to 15 X 10 /1. The two drugs were discontinued and her platelet count returned to normal within 1 week. In a review of the FDA s Adverse Event Reporting System database there were 93 cases of reduced platelet counts associated with oseltamivir and 24 associated with probenecid. Signal detection analyses were significant for oseltamivir but not probenecid. 

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