Toxicology principles

Chemical liazards yield toxic effects when tliese hazards enter the human body and other living organisms. Adverse healtli effects become evident in both tlie short and long term with symptoms ranging from mild allergic reactions to death. 

Many engineers do not fully understand toxicology, and Uieir education and experiences usually do not prepare tliein to nuike intelligent toxicological evaluations. However, engineers can often assist in an overall healtli risk study ivith die identificatioii of a chemical liazard. 

Tliis subject will receive additional treatment in die next cliaptcr an extensive section is devoted to toxicology. Teclmical details and definitions are provided in diat material. 

Since the fundamental mcclumisms tliat cause toxic responses are not fully understood, toxicological findings are largely based on observations. Altliough some of the toxicological information relating to hmnans is based on human experience, tlie majority of this information is derived from animal experimentation. 

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Section 10.2 Toxicology Principles Section 10.3 Epidemiology Principles Section 10.4 Molecular/Atomic Structural Analysis Section 10.5 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)... 

According to the 21 CFR 73, the FDA coordinates the color additive regnlations and imposes the safe nse of each food colorant. In 1993, the FDA pnblished the Redbook of Colorants, which sets forth the toxicological principles for safety assessments of direct food and color additives used in foods, and a review of the statns of food additives in the US was pnblished. ... 

This review outlines some of the more important pharmacologic and toxicologic principles which have been highlighted by the work of the government, commercial, and university laboratories that have been concerned with this problem (3, 5,13,16). 

Kaplan, H.L. Grand, A.F. Hartzell, G.E. Combustion Toxicology Principles and Test Methods Technomic Publishing Co., Inc. Lancaster, PA, 1983. 

FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Toxicological Principles for the Safety of Food Ingredients, Redbook 2000. http //www.cfsan.fda.gov/ redbook/red-toca.html. 

US Food and Drug Administration (1982) Toxicological principles for the safety assessment of direct food additives and colour additives used in food. US FDA, Rockville, pp 1-130... 

FDA (1993). Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Direct Food Additives and Color Additives Used in Food, Redbook II, p. 86. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, Washington, D.C. 

Alarie, Y., Kane, L. and Barrow, C. (1980). Sensory irritation The use of an animal model to establish acceptable exposure to airborne chemical irritants. In Toxicology Principles and Practice 1 (Reeves, A.L., Ed.). Wiley, New York. 

Niesink RJM, De Vries J, HoUinger MA, editors. Toxicology - principles and applications. Boca Raton (FL) CRC Press 1996. 

The FDA Redbook provides t ie de facto regulatory guidelines for the developmental and reprodnctive toxicity testing of food additives. The full title of this document is Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food. The current version (Redbook II) was released in July 2000 and was reformatted for online use in 2007 (I). 

FDA (2000) Toxicological principles for the safety of food ingredients IV.C.9.b. Guidelines for Developmental Toxicity Studies (Redbook 2000)... 

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