Technical and environmental aspects

A recent survey of the technical and environmental aspects of inorganic pigments by Schwarz and Endriss [33] has put the importance of these products into numerical perspective. Of a total worldwide production of some 5M tonnes of pigments, 96% are inorganic. Of this 4.8M tonnes, carbon black and various whites account for 84%, that is just over 4M tonnes. This means that world production of coloured inorganic pigments is approximately 0.8M tonnes. 

The material should be enviromnentally benign. This criterion is typically difficult to fulfill as many transition metals, such as cobalt and nickel, are toxic to various degrees. The matter becomes even more complicated with introduction of nanoparticles that pose their own environmental challenges. A more detailed review of nanoparticles-based materials and the technical and environmental aspects of their use will be done in the latter chapter of this book. 

A further improvement in the sustainability of an industrial production process may be achieved by closing the water loops for a number of adjacent industrial production processes. This may be achieved in a so-called eco-industrial area where the primary aim is to arrange industrial production processes in such a way that water, wastes, materials, and energy can be exchanged between the various production processes in an environmentally sustainable and cost effective manner. A shared process water production plant and wastewater treatment plant is then a crucial step. It will, however, be clear that such an approach requires a thorough and detailed study which incorporates not only technical and economical aspects but also legal, organisational and infrastructural aspects as well. 

TRL (2007). Technical Assistance and Economic Analysis in the Field of Legislation Pertinent to the Issue of Automotive Safety Evaluation of the Impact (Extended Impact Assessment) of the Introduction of Hydrogen as a Fuel to Power Motor-vehicles Considering the Safety and Environmental Aspects. Final Report for Enterprise Directorate-General, European Commission. TRL Limited. 

Around 1970, the environmental movement, dealing with both technical and political aspects of various environmental problems, sprang to life in the United States. American public opinion widely supported the movement, as did I. I taught courses on environmental problems, sponsored a student environmental action club, and became involved with a local group that went out in small boats to collect samples of steel mill discharges that I analyzed pro bono in my laboratory. 

Tani, S., Ozawa, M., Wakabayashi, T. 1993. Overview of partitioning and transmutation study in PNC. Technical Meeting on Safety and Environmental Aspects ofP T of Actinides and FP, IAEA, November-December, Vienna, Austria. 

Biosynthetic studies, unlike the other studies, have not been pursued, possibly because of the technical difficulties of working with an aquatic plant that does not grow well in unnatural conditions. The chemotaxonomy of the genus Nuphar has been reviewed (2, 3). Biological and environmental aspects of Nuphar species have been discussed in a number of publications. 

In designing substitute solvents, one needs to match or improve all aspects of solvent behavior, including equilibrium, dynamic, and phase behavior, v le meeting or exceeding all technical and environmental performance requirements. This is basically a mapping of the behavior of one solvent into that of another in a space Miere the coordinates are physical properties and performance requirements. To illustrate the significance of this point, consider, for example, the isothermal... 

Most risk management professionals have a technical education—often in engineering or environmental science. Such an education provides the necessary skills to handle the technical and quantitative aspects of the work, particularly with regard to the analysis or risk, fires and explosions, and gas dispersion. 

Optimizing the performance of a given process requires that mai different aspects be taken into account. Some of them, mostly of a technical namre, relate to the local scale at which the process occurs. Other technological, economic, and environmental aspects are likely to affect the dynamics of the larger space and time scales in which the proeess in embedded. These scale effects require that a carefiil evaluation be performed of the relation between the proeess and its surroundings so that hidden conse-quenees and possible sources of inefficiencies are clearly identified. 

Heinz, A., Kaltschmitt, M., Hartmann, R., and Hitzler, G. (2000). The First Year of Operation of the Biodiesel-Fuelled Energy Supply System of the New German Parliament Building in Berlin—Analysis of the Technical Feasibility, Environmental Aspects and the Costs, 11th European Biomass Conference, Sevillia, Spain. 

Holistic balancing (lifecycle engineering of technical, economic, and environmental aspects) is now the established method used by major producers as a method of weak point analysis during the product development phase. 

When PLACID or FLINT hydrometalluigical processes were implemented in parallel with any existing pyrometallurgical battery recycling plant, the environmental, technical and economical aspects of the integrated plant could be substantially improved. The proposed new processes are simple, efficient, very flexible and profitable, which make them ideal for being adapted to the customer s needs and local requirements. 

Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State College, Corvallis Technical Bulletin 37 Burger H, Koine A, Maron R, Mieck K (1995) Use or natural fibers and environmental aspects. Int Polym Sci Technol 22(8) 25-34... 

Baudin, G., J. Lefevre, C. Prunier, and M. Salvatores, eds. 1993. Proceedings of the technical committee on safety and environmental aspects of partitioning and transmutation of actinides and FPs, IAEA, 37. Vienna, Austria Vienna Publishing, IAEA. 

IAEA, Safety and environmental aspects of partitioning and transmutation of actinides and fission products (Proc. Technical Committee meeting, 29 November-2 December 1993), IAEA-TECDOC-783, Vienna (1995). 

Product stewardship means "responsibly managing the health, safety, and environmental aspects of raw materials, intermediate, and consumer products throughout their life cycle and across the value chain in order to prevent or minimize negative impacts and maximize value" [7], Chapter 2 of this book discusses the technical tools that a product steward uses to achieve this goal. These tools include the techniques to characterize and predict the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment upon their manufacture and use. The tools also include the methods used to calculate the possible risks to human health and the environment that may result. Chapter 2 also describes the formal process of life cycle assessment, which uses these tools to evaluate the potential effects on the environment as a result of the production, use, and disposal or recycling of a product. 

Future Trends in Reactor Technology The technical reactors introduced here so far are those used today in common industrial processes. Of course, research and development activities in past decades have led to new reactor concepts that may have advantages with respect to process intensification, higher selectivities, and safety and environmental aspects. Such novel developments in catalytic reactor technology are, for example, monolithic reactors for multiphase reactions, microreactors to improve mass and heat transfer, membrane reactors to overcome thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, or multifunctional reactors combining a chemical reaction with heat transfer or with the separation in one instead of two units. It is beyond the scope of this textbook to cover all the details of these new fascinating reactor concepts, but for those who are interested in a brief outline we summarize important aspects in Section 4.10.8. 

Automobile Abstracts (0309-0817) http //www.mira.co.uk (accessed September 3, 2010). Motor Industry Research Association (MIRA). Automobile Abstracts, Warwickshire MIRA monthly. Electronic journal of abstracts of technical articles from worldwide automotive literature. Covers all aspects of vehicle design and performance as well as fuel, lubricants, materials, production, and environmental aspects. 

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