Common Industrial Processes

During World War II (1939 to 1945), technology took a few more steps forward. New process equipment was tested on naval vessels, submarines, aircraft, and land vehicles and in communications. 

From 1950 to 1972, the government continued to draft large numbers of process technicians into the military. Most companies worked with employees who had been drafted and allowed them to return to their Jobs after their tours of duty. Some companies counted an employee s service time in the military as uninterrupted company service time. This group of employees greatly influenced the development of the military-type environment found in the chemical processing industry. 

Electrical engineers Chemical engineers Mechanical engineers Petroleum engineers Industrial engineers Nuclear engineers 

Engineers were employed in the chemical processing industry as technical support to the operations groups. This relationship was not new engineers, chemists, and technicians had worked together as a team for many years. The increased numbers, however, were new. 

Benzene reduction Benzene saturation Catalytic reforming (3) 

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Homogeneous nucleatlon might apply to precipitation processes where homogeneous nucleation must occur spontaneous before any precipitation process can occur. Since precipitation of compounds from solution is a common industrial process, we include it here. 

The device consisted of a 75 -pm thick polyimide foil containing microstructured slits (250 pm wide and 45 mm long) sandwiched between the working and counter electrodes (Scheme 4.34). The reaction took place inside the microchannels that were in contact with both electrodes. To maintain a constant reaction temperature, a heat exchanger block was also mounted above the working electrode. This microreactor-based electrolysis afforded 98% product selectivity, which was higher than that for common industrial processes (about 85%). 

Butadiene (1,3-butadiene) is manufactured in the petroleum industry by the catalytic dehydrogenation of the butanes and butenes, and by the direct cracking of naphthas and light oils. The overall butadiene yield by catalytic dehydrogenation, the most common industrial process, is as high as about 80% at selectivities of about 90%. The yields and selectivities of butadiene by... 

The steam reforming of hydrocarbon feedstocks is a common industrial process which produces hydrogen for use in methanol or ammonia synthesis. A variety of hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas or naphthas, can be used as the reactant in the steam reforming process, This use of a variety of reactant feed types places considerable demands upon the catalyst manufacturer since all hydrocarbons have different reactivities and, most importantly, disparate tendencies to generate carbonaceous deposits, ICI produce a range of catalysts for use with a number of hydrocarbon reactants. For the reforming of heavy naphtha feedstocks, which show a considerable propensity for carbon deposition, ICI provides a potassium promoted nickel based catalyst (ref 1). The object of this paper is to describe the mechanism by which alkali provides resistance to carbon formation in nickel catalysts. 

This list does not cover all possible applications but relates to many common industrial processes. As each application produces different waste gas flows, temperatures, particulate inlet loading, etc., the precipitator size and its design tend to be site specific for a given duty. 

The discharges of static electricity that occur in common industrial processes can be classified as spark, corona, brush discharges, propagating brush discharges, and cone discharges. ... 

The most common industrial process for making H2 is by catalytic reformation of natural gas (mostly CH4) or naphtha by reacting with steam. The... 

Fouling Assessment and Mitigation in Some Common Industrial Processes 411... 

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