Conditioned taste aversion

Hood HM, Buck KJ. Allelic variation in the GABA-A receptor yl subunit is associated with genetic susceptibility to ethanol-induced motor incoordination and hypothermia, conditioned taste aversion, and withdrawal in BxD/Ty recombinant inbred mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000 24 1327-1334. 

Dey, M.S., R.I. Krieger, and R.C. Ritter. 1987. Paraquat-induced, dose-dependent conditioned taste aversions and weight loss mediated by the area postrema. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 87 212-221. 

Fig. 5 Dose-response curves for discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in wild-type (filled circle) and knockout (open circle) mice trained with nicotine (0.8mg kg ), (a) shows results for 32 null mutant and control mice from Shoaib et al, (2002) whereas (b) shows corresponding results for a nuU mutants and their wild-type controls from Stolerman et al, 2004, Discriminative responding on the drug-appropriate lever is expressed as a percentage of the total numbers of responses on both levers. All data shown as means s,e,m, from 5-min extinction tests (n = 8-12). Figure 4a was published in Shoaib et al. (2002) The role of nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunits in nicotine discrimination and conditioned taste aversion. Copyright Elsevier Fig, 4b was published in Stolerman et al, (2004), The role of nicotinic receptor alpha subunits in nicotine discrimination. Copyright Elsevier...

Shoaib M, Stolerman IP (1995) Conditioned taste aversions in rats after intracerebral administration of nicotine. Behav Pharmacol 6 375-385... 

Stewart J (1983) Conditioned and unconditioned drug effects in relapse to opiate and stimulant drug-administration. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 591-597 Stolerman IP (1988) Characterization of central nicotinic receptors by studies on the nicotine cue and conditioned taste aversion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 235-242 Stolerman IP (1989) Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats trained under different schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 97 131-138 Stolerman IP (1999) Inter-species consistency in the behavioural pharmacology of nicotine dependence. Behav Pharmacol 10 559-580... 

Conditioned taste aversions occur after food produced an illness. Both the chemical senses and gastrointestinal feedback are involved. 

Conover, M. R. (1990). Reducing mammalian predation on eggs by using a conditioned taste aversion to deceive predators. JournalofwildlifeManagement 54,360-365. 

Mason, J. R., Rabin, M. D., and Stevens, D. A. (1982). Conditioned taste aversions skin secretions used for defense by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Copeia. 667-671. 

Nicolaus, L. K. and Nellis, D. W. (1987). The first evaluation of the use of conditioned taste aversion to control predation by mongooses upon eggs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17, 329-346. 

A variety of brain structures seem to be essential for aversive memories. In the following, I will briefly introduce the hippocampus and amygdala involvement, without disregarding the importance, for instance, of the cerebellum for eye-blink conditioning (Thompson et al. 1997, 2000 Medina et al. 2002) and the insular cortex for conditioned taste aversion (e.g. Berman and Dudai 2001). 

Weinberger NM (1998) Physiological memory in primary auditory cortex characteristics and mechanisms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 70 226-251 Welzl H, D Adamo P, Lipp HP (2001) Conditioned taste aversion as a learning and memory paradigm. Behav Brain Res 125 205-213... 

Conditioned taste aversion. Erozen leaf and stem, administered intragastrically to rats at a dose of 562 mg/kg, was inactive. The test substance was temporarily paired with the introduction of sodium saccharin... 

DC216 Yokel, R. A., and C. D. Ogzewalla. DC228 Effects of plant ingestion in rats determined by the conditioned taste aversion procedure. Toxicon 1981 19(2) DC229... 

Ondansetron also produced a dose-dependent blockade of conditioned taste aversion induced by apomorphine [McAllister and Pratt 1998). 

Blancquaert JP, Lefebvre RA, Willems JL Antiaversive properties of opioids in the conditioned taste aversion test in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27 437-441, 1987... 

Mawson D, Marks IM, Ramm L Clomipramine for chronic obsessive compulsive rituals two year follow-up and further findings. Br J Psychiatry 140 11-18, 1982 McAllister KH, Pratt JA GR205171 blocks apomorphine and amphetamine-induced conditioned taste aversions. Eur J Pharmacol 353 141-148, 1998 McAuley JW, Reynolds IJ, Kroboth FJ, et al Orally administered progesterone enhances sensitivity to triazolam in posmenopausal women. J Chn Psychopharmacol 1 3-11, 1995... 

At doses >0.5 mg/kg BW, paraquat produced a dose-dependent avoidance of foods the ED50 for conditioned taste aversion was 2.4 mg/kg BW (minimum effective dose was 0.78 mg/kg BW) none of these doses produced overt clinical or histological signs of toxicity (Dey etal. 1987)... 

Although the mechanism of action of SSRIs in treating alcohol dependence remains unclear, Gorelick and Paredes ( 432) postulate that it is not due to motor inhibition or general sedation. Rather, they believe it may be related to decreased appetite and food intake or a conditioned taste aversion mediated by increased brain serotonin activity. Other competing theories have been summarized by Thomas ( 433) ... 

Kosten, Therese A., Mindy J. Miserendino, Sandra Chi, and Eric J. Nestler. 1994. "Fischer and Lewis Rat Strains Show Differential Cocaine Effects in Conditioned Place Preference and Behavioral Sensitization but Not in Locomotor Activity or Conditioned Taste Aversion." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 269 137-44. 

A less known, but probably more important, protective mechanism is conditioned taste aversion (Cross-Mellor ef al. 2004), which induces a rapid, profound aversion to any taste associated with nausea or other indications of toxicosis. This study used an ingenious setup allowing continuous control of the induction of nausea to show that conditioned taste aversion is so precise that it allows rats to adjust their intake of toxin-containing food to obtain the optimal provision of nutrients while avoiding harm from the toxins. Such optimisation has been demonstrated in farm animals (Kyriazakis ef al. 1997) and is probably common for all animals. 

Gonda Z, Lehotzky K. 1996. Effect of prenatal aluminum lactate exposure on conditioned taste aversion and passive avoidance task in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 16 529-532. 

L., Lane, N., et al. (2004) Impaired conditioned taste aversion learning in APP transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 25,1213-1219. 

Bures, J., Bermudez-Rattoni, F. and Yanamoto, T. (1998) Conditioned taste aversion memory of a special kind. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 

Lamprecht, IT and Dudai, Y. (1996) Transient expression of c-Fos in rat amygdala during training is required for encoding conditioned taste aversion memory. Learn Mem 3, 31-41. 

Lamprecht, R., Hazvi, S. and Dudai, Y. (1997) cAMP response element-binding protein in the amygdala is required for long-but not short-term conditioned taste aversion memory. J Neurosci 17, 8443-8450. 

The conditioned taste aversion procedure has been described as a more rapid alternative to two-lever operant procedures in drug discrimination research (Garcia et al. 1955 van Heest et al. 1992). 

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