Aversive taste stimuli

Yamamoto T, Matsuo R, Ichikawa H, Wakisaka S, Akai M, et al. 1990. Aversive taste stimuli increase CGRP levels in the gustatory insular cortex of the rat. Neurosci Lett 112 167-172. 

The best investigated odor-taste interactions occur in conditioned flavor aversions. Tastes that precede a delayed food-related illness are often avoided after only one experience. Odors are not avoided under similar conditions. However, if taste and odor are presented together before the malaise, animals will avoid odor when encountered later by itself. Taste affects odor, but not vice versa. If only the taste intensity is increased, both taste and odor aversion increase. Conversely, if only the odor stimulus is increased, only the odor aversion increases (Garcia etal, 1986). 

Fig. 5 Dose-response curves for discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in wild-type (filled circle) and knockout (open circle) mice trained with nicotine (0.8mg kg ), (a) shows results for 32 null mutant and control mice from Shoaib et al, (2002) whereas (b) shows corresponding results for a nuU mutants and their wild-type controls from Stolerman et al, 2004, Discriminative responding on the drug-appropriate lever is expressed as a percentage of the total numbers of responses on both levers. All data shown as means s,e,m, from 5-min extinction tests (n = 8-12). Figure 4a was published in Shoaib et al. (2002) The role of nicotinic receptor beta-2 subunits in nicotine discrimination and conditioned taste aversion. Copyright Elsevier Fig, 4b was published in Stolerman et al, (2004), The role of nicotinic receptor alpha subunits in nicotine discrimination. Copyright Elsevier...

Stewart J (1983) Conditioned and unconditioned drug effects in relapse to opiate and stimulant drug-administration. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 7 591-597 Stolerman IP (1988) Characterization of central nicotinic receptors by studies on the nicotine cue and conditioned taste aversion in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30 235-242 Stolerman IP (1989) Discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine in rats trained under different schedules of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 97 131-138 Stolerman IP (1999) Inter-species consistency in the behavioural pharmacology of nicotine dependence. Behav Pharmacol 10 559-580... 

Mark GP, Blander DS, Hoebel BG (1991) A conditioned stimulus decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens after the development of a learned taste aversion. Brain Res 557 308-310. 

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