Synthetic petroleum production

The PAW expected private industry and the United States Bureau of Mines to capitalize on Germany s considerable experience in synthetic petroleum production. With the 30 million that Congress authorized in 1944 for a five-year synthetic petroleum... 

Properties provided by the branched hydrocarbon chain stmcture of these PAO fluids include high viscosity index in the 130—150 range, pour points of —50 to —60° C for ISO 32 to 68 viscosity range (SAE lOW and SAE 20W, respectively), and high temperature stabifity superior to commercial petroleum products. In their use in automotive oils such as Mobil 1, some ester synthetic fluid is normally included in the formulation to provide sufficient solubihty for the approximately 20% additives now employed in many automotive oils. 

In 2002, the world production of polymers (not including synthetic libers and rubbers) was ca. 190 million metric tons. Of these, the combined production of poly(ethylene terephthalate), low- and high-density polyethyelene, polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polystyrene, and polyurethane was 152.3 milhon metric tons [1]. These synthetic, petroleum-based polymers are used, inter alia, as engineering plastics, for packing, in the construction-, car-, truck- and food-industry. They are chemically very stable, and can be processed by injection molding, and by extrusion from the melt in a variety of forms. These attractive features, however, are associated with two main problems ... 

Hydrogen sulphide occurs naturally, e.g. in natural gas and petroleum, volcanic gases, and from decaying organic matter. It may be present near oil wells and where petroleum is processed. Commercially it is obtained as a by-product from many chemical reactions including off-gas in the production of some synthetic polymers (e.g. rayon, nylon) from petroleum products, and by the action of dilute mineral acids on metal sulphides. Physical properties are summarized in Table 9.14 and effects of temperature on vapour pressure are shown in Figure 9.5. 

In 1994, the worldwide consumption of rubber was approximately 14.5 million tons a year, of which about 40% consisted of natural rubber. Natural rubber is produced as latex by tropical rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). It is processed locally and therefore the quality of natural rubber fluctuates remarkably [ 140]. Due to increasing demand for rubbers, combined with a decreasing production capacity in Asia and a vast increase in labor costs, the price of natural rubber is still rising sharply. In 1990-1994, the average price of natural rubber was about 0.38 /lb, while in 1996 it was already over 0.80 /lb. The remaining 60% of the articles were manufactured from synthetic petroleum-based rubbers such as isoprene rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber and polyurethanes. The quality of synthetic rubbers is constant, and their price varies between 2 and 5 US per kilogram [137-140]. 

Germany s synthetic petroleum industry never reached these goals, but production increased dramatically under the Four Year Plan. In 1933, only three small synthetic petroleum plants (Ludwigshafen-Oppau, Leuna, Ruhrchemie-Sterkrade-Holten) were operating, the last a Fischer-Tropsch plant. At that time, Germany s petroleum consumption was about one-half of Great Britain s, one-fourth of Russia s, and one-twentieth that of the... 

United States. Yet, even at such low consumption, domestic resources were inadequate Germany imported 85 percent of her petroleum. By 1939, fifteen synthetic petroleum plants were in operation. In 1944, twenty-two coal hydrogenation and Fischer-Tropsch plants converted coal into gasoline and other petroleum products. 

Synthesis gas can easily be confused with the oxymoron synthetic natural gas, SNG. Both are sometimes called "syngas." But SNG is basically methane made from petroleum products, like naphtha or propane, or from coal. It s used as a substitute for or supplement to natural gas. 

Transgenic bacteria have been produced that can metabolize petroleum products including certain synthetic polymers. 

Use varied - recreational (alcohol) to industrial, gasoline Source synthetic chemistry, petroleum products, plant oils Recommended daily intake none (not essential)... 

Since that time, a variety of alternatives to refined petroleum products have been evaluated and used as fuels for internal combustion engines. Reasons for considering synthetic and alternative fuels stem from two primary motivating factors the need to ensure an adequate supply of low-cost fuel, and the desire to use fuel that bums completely and cleanly without undesirable exhaust emissions. 

The production of modern car tyres uses more than 100 raw materials, most of which are based on petroleum products. Tyres consist of natural and synthetic mbber, typically styrene-butadiene (SBR) reinforcing fillers (e.g., carbon black, silica, clay, calcium carbonate) reinforcing fibres... 

In the utilization of petroleum oils in the field of chemical weed control, oils function as toxicants, as solvents, as filming agents, and as carriers. In view of the very effective synthetic compounds now used as toxicants (substituted phenols), the toxicity of the oils themselves is somewhat less important than it once was. Oils may serve as adjuvants in formulations involving 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, dinitro compounds, trichloroacetates, and others. They have the unique property of aiding in the contact, spreading, and penetration of herbicides. In addition, synthesis of wetting agents, emulsifiers, and special herbicides may be dependent on petroleum products. 

After styrene production, approximately 20% of benzene production is used to produce cumene (isopropylbenzene), which is converted to phenol and acetone. Benzene is also converted to cyclohexane, which is used to produce nylon and synthetic fibers. Nitrobenzene derived from benzene is used to produce aniline, which has widespread use in dye production. Besides the benzene derivatives mentioned in this section, countless other products are based on the benzene ring. Cosmetics, drugs, pesticides, and petroleum products are just a few... 

Paramount among the outlets for petroleum raw materials outside the field of fuels and lubricants are the elastomers and plastics. It is expected that synthetic rubber production in 1951 will exceed 800,000 long tons (1.8 billion pounds) while, during the same period, nearly two billion pounds of plastics also will be produced. It has been demonstrated to the American consumer that synthetic rubber is equal or superior to the natural product for many applications, and plastic products such as nylon fabrics, polyvinyl chloride upholstery, and polystyrene toys and gadgets are now considered a part of our way of life. 

These sizable outlets for petroleum products are of relatively recent development. Only a decade ago synthetic rubber production was under 20,000,000 pounds per year. Twenty-five years ago synthetic rubber was virtually unknown in America, and total production of synthetic plastics, chiefly phenolics from coal tar, was only 12,000,000 pounds per year. Chemicals and chemical intermediates were produced from coal, minerals, and vegetable products, but the petroleum industry was devoting its interest almost exclusively to the production of fuels and lubricants. 

John Hyatt was the first to make plastics. He made celluloid in 1868. Leo Baekeland made bakelite. Synthetic plastics are made from petroleum products. There are two types of plastics thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. 

Existing AGR processes envisioned for use in the production of synthetic fuels from coal face unique challenges because these AGR processes were developed primarily in response to the needs of the petroleum and natural gas industries where crude gas mixtures are relatively well-defined. In contrast to crude gas mixtures in the petroleum and natural gas industries, crude coal gasifier gas generally contains much more carbon dioxide, a much higher ratio of carbon dioxide to hydrogen sulfide, and many trace contaminants. The AGR step in synthetic fuels production from coal must be capable of performing two tasks (1) separation... 

The fuels that are derived from petroleum supply more than half of the world s total supply of energy. Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil provide fuel for automobiles, tractors, tmcks, aircraft, and ships. Fuel oil and natural gas are used to heat homes and commercial buildings, as well as to generate electricity. Petroleum products are the basic materials used for the manufacture of synthetic fibers for clothing and in plastics, paints, fertilizers, insecticides, soaps, and synthetic rubber. The uses of petroleum as a source of raw material in manufacturing are central to the functioning of modem industry. 

Synonyms bivinyl, vinylethylene, biethylene Formula C4H6 Structure CH2=CH-CH=CH2 MW 54.10 CAS [106-99-0] petroleum product used to produce synthetic rubber, elastomers, and food-wrapping materials colorless gas, mild aromatic odor heavier than air gas density 1.865 (air = 1) 2.212 g/L at NTP liquefies at -4.5°C solidifies at -109°C slightly soluble in water, 500 mg/L, soluble in organic solvents carcinogenic flammable. 

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