Swedish acid

It has been called the Vague Acid and the Universal Acid. We have been accustomed to meet with it under two distinct Forms and to know it under the Names of two Species These are the Vitriolic and the Muriatic Acid and to these we are lately taught to add a third, which, from the Place where it has been discovered, Authors have called the Swedish Acid and to which some, tho very improperly, have given the Name of the Sparry Acid. Perhaps, in distinction from the other two, it may be better named the Stony Acid (84, 85, 118). 

The year when hydrofluoric acid was separated (1771) is considered to be the date of the discovery of fluorine although this is hardly justified. The nature of the acid obtained by Scheele (named Swedish acid at the time) remained unclear. There was a controversy in the scientific world about Scheele s discovery but with every year it became increasingly evident that he was right. 

Priestley gave Scheele credit for his work and also mentions M. Boulanger, who has taken a great deal of pains with this subject, and is of opinion that this new acid is only the acid of salt, combined with an earthy substance . An account of the new-discovered Swedish Acid with some additional experiments was given by John Hill in 1774. ... 

The add, which we now call hydrofluoric acid, was for a long time called the Swedish acid. It was to take a long time - more than one hundred years - until its main atom, fluorine, was isolated. When in 1789 Lavoisier established his famous table of the simple substances in chemistry - an element table - he left space also for the main element of the Swedish acid, not yet discovered. In 1811 Ampere suggested that the name of this unknown element should be fluorine, analogous to chlorine. 

According to the theory proposed by Svante Arrhenius a Swedish chemist and winner of the 1903 Nobel Prize in chemistry an acid is a substance that ionizes to give protons when dissolved m water... 

Lactic acid [50-21-5] (2-hydroxypropanoic acid), CH CHOHCOOH, is the most widely occurring hydroxycarboxylic acid and thus is the principal topic of this article. It was first discovered ia 1780 by the Swedish chemist Scheele. Lactic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that can be produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis. It is present ia many foods both naturally or as a product of in situ microbial fermentation, as ia sauerkraut, yogurt, buttermilk, sourdough breads, and many other fermented foods. Lactic acid is also a principal metaboHc iatermediate ia most living organisms, from anaerobic prokaryotes to humans. 

To prepare natural sylvestrene, the fraction of Swedish oil of turpentine boiling between 175° to 180° is diluted with an equal volume of ether which has been previously saturated with hydrochloric acid gas. The mixture is allowed to stand for two or three days, the ether distilled off, and the residue is left in a very cold place for some months, when sylvestrene dihydrochloride is obtained. This body, CjeHig2HCl, when recrystallised from alcohol melts at 72° and has an optical rotation [a]o = + 22°. If this body be distilled with aniline it yields sylvestrene, which has the following characters —... 

Chemists debated the concepts of acid and base for many years before precise definitions emerged. Among the first useful definitions was the one proposed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in about 1884 ... 

Acid Rain A National Sensitivity Assessment, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Fact Sheet and maps, 1988. Berden, M. Nilsson, S.I. Rosen, K. Tyler, G. Soil Acidification Extent, Causes, and Consequences, National Swedish Environmental Protection Board, Rept. 3292, 1987, pp 164. 

Numerous measurements of the conductivity of aqueous solutions performed by the school of Friedrich Kohhansch (1840-1910) and the investigations of Jacobns van t Hoff (1852-1911 Nobel prize, 1901) on the osmotic pressure of solutions led the young Swedish physicist Svante August Arrhenius (1859-1927 Nobel prize, 1903) to establish in 1884 in his thesis the main ideas of his famous theory of electrolytic dissociation of acids, alkalis, and salts in solutions. Despite the sceptitism of some chemists, this theory was generally accepted toward the end of the centnry. 

Robert Boyle (1627-1691), an Irish chemist, was the first person to classify certain chemicals as either acids or bases. Boyle based his classifications on their properties. He was unable to explain, however, why acids and bases have the properties that they do. It would be another 200 years before a scientist came along to answer that question. That scientist was the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927). 

With this information in hand, initial attempts to generate BACE inhibitors used the peptidic Swedish variant substrate as a starting point and substituted the scissile amide bond with a statine. For example, Sinha et al. (1999) synthesized a P10-P4 1 Swedish variant peptide with a statine moiety in place of the Pl-Pl scissile bond and showed that this peptidomimetic displayed an IC50 of 40 pM for inhibition of BACE. Optimization of this inhibitor was then performed by systematic replacement of amino acid side chains. Replacement of the PE Asp residue by Val reduced the IC50 for BACE inhibition to 30 nM this inhibitor is referred to here as Stat-Val. 

In 1899, the nickel-cadmium battery, the first alkaline battery, was invented by a Swedish scientist named Waldmar Jungner. The special feature of this battery was its potential to be recharged. In construction, nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium hydroxide solution, it was the first battery to use an alkaline electrolyte. This battery was commercialized in Sweden in 1910 and reached the Unites States in 1946. The first models were robust and had significantly better energy density than lead-acid batteries, but nevertheless, their wide use was limited because of the high costs. 

Boron (Buraq in Arabic/Burah in Persian, which is the word for white, the color being attributed to borax (sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7.10H2O)) was discovered in 1808 independently by the British Chemist, Sir Humphry Davy, and two French chemists, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Loius Jacques Thenard.1 They isolated boron in 50% purity by the reduction of boric acid with sodium or magnesium. The Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzilius identified boron as an element in 1824. The first pine sample of boron was produced by the American chemist William Weintraub in 1909. Boron does not appear in nature in elemental form, but is found in its compounded... 

One of the most important and versatile building blocks for the construction of biomolecules is hydrogen cyanide HCN (also known as pmssic acid), which was prepared for the first time by the German-Swedish apothecary Carl-Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) in Koping in Sweden. He heated blood with potash and charcoal and obtained what he called Blutlauge , which he distilled with sulphuric acid (Bauer, 1980 Encycl. Am., 1975). 

Fatty acid diethanolamides (FADAs) are used in certain household textile washing and hand dish-washing formulations. The presence of coconut diethanolamides (CDEAs) with an alkyl chain between 7 and 15 C units has been reported in municipal wastewaters in Germany at levels of 111—124 i,g L 1 [31] in influent and 14 i,gL 1 in effluent indicating approximately 90% elimination, while the monitoring of CDEAs in a Swedish WWTP indicated significantly lower removal (about 40%). Other studies [8,29,32,33] reported levels up to 470 xg L-1 in raw influents (Table 6.1.7). Very low concentrations found in effluents indicate efficient elimination (>96%), whereas nothing is known about the formation of persistent metabolites. 

A weight of compound, containing about 0-05 g. of fluorine, was dissolved in 10 ml. of dry alcohol and metallic sodium (about 0 5 g., i.e. at least 5 equivalents) was added. After the sodium had dissolved, the mixture was gently heated under reflux for 5 min.,8 and then washed out with about 100 ml. of water into a beaker, made acid to bromophenol blue with dilute nitric acid and then just alkaline with 10 per cent sodium hydroxide solution. Three ml. of 10 per cent sodium chloride solution were added and the solution was diluted to 250 ml. One ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added, and the solution heated on a water-bath to about 80°. Then 5-0 g. of finely powdered A.R. lead nitrate were added with stirring (still at 80°). As soon as all the lead nitrate had dissolved, 5-0 g. of crystalline sodium acetate were added, with vigorous stirring. The product was then heated on the water-bath for 15 min. and cooled in ice, and the precipitate was filtered off on a Swedish filter paper. It was washed once with water, four times with saturated PbClF solution... 

Fluorine - the atomic number is 9 and the chemical symbol is F. The name derives from the Latin fluere for flow or flux since fluorspar (CaFj) was used as a flux in metallurgy because of its low melting point. It was discovered in hydrofluoric acid by the Swedish pharmacist and chemist Carl-Wilhelm Scheele in 1771 but it was not isolated until 1886 by the French pharmacist and chemist Ferdinand-Frederic-Henri Moisson. 

However, the story does not end there. It was not until 1844 when Heinrich Rose (1795-1864) rediscovered the element by producing two similar acids from the mineral niobic acid and pelopic acid. Rose did not reahze he had discovered the old columbium, so he gave this new element the name niobium. Twenty years later, Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1817—1894) proved that niobium and tantalum were two distinct elements. Later, the Swedish scientist Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand (1826—1899) isolated and identified the metal niobium from its similar twin, tantalum. 

It was not until 1895 that Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay (1852-1916) first found hehum on Earth when he experimented with uranium and subsequently coUected the gases that were produced when he treated his samples with acid. He sent the gases to Sir William Crookes (1832—1919), who identified one gas as hehum. Two Swedish chemists, Per Theodor Cleve... 

Before the availability of artificial fertilizers in the mid-19th century, farms were traditionally organic, with recycling of animal waste, and perhaps with the application of lime on acid soils. Agricultural chemical analysis may have begun with Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786), the Swedish pharmacist who isolated citric acid from lemons and gooseberries and malic acid from apples. In France, Nicolas Theodore de Saussure (1767-1845) studied the mineral composition of plant ash, and in Britain, Sir Humphrey Davy... 

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