Industrial secrecy

In this penod of mtense development cloaked in industrial secrecy, not all manufacturers have declared the routes they chose for their mitial production plants Preferred long-term processes are even less clear In some cases, the technologies that sufficed for the production of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocar-bons would be pushed to theu limits as processes for the replacements For example... 

Levin8 prepared a survey for research and development R D heads in which they were asked about the effectiveness of different methods for protecting products and processes patents, industrial secrecy, rapidity in the learning curve and sales efforts. The results showed that product patents were considered to be more effective than process patents, but in general all the other methods were regarded as more effective than the protection provided by patents, in a general survey that was not addressed to any particular sector. 

There are many polymer chain modification reactions of different types that have been carried out on polymer melts processed in single and twin rotor extruders. This activity, (4-6) in the analysis of polymerization reactors, driven by market forces seeking to create value-added polymers from commodity resins, started in the mid-1960s in industrial research laboratories (7). Indeed much of the early work is to be found in the patent literature.1 Although in recent times more publications, both industrial and academic can be found in the open literature, there is still a good deal of industrial secrecy, because the products of reactive polymer processing are of significant commercial value to industry. Below we will deal briefly with two important examples of such reactions. 

In the literature, a number of advantages are claimed for the method, which include the following (1) elimination of product oxidation (2) possibility of almost complete heat recovery from the outlet vapor by its recompression (3) smaller dryer size (4) reduced fire risk and (5) improved process control. There are, however, some disadvantages for example, not all materials can withstand the elevated temperatures, and in some cases, low moisture contents cannot be attained. The product feed and discharge ports are more difficult to build because of the need to contain the steam and prevent the ingress of air. The technology is already implemented in the industry, but for reasons of industrial secrecy, almost no data are published [62]. 

It has been the purpose of this chapter to point the reader towards some of the special (and at times unexpected) features of ionic conducting polymers in a way that helps to lay the foundations for the ensuing chapters. The study of polymer electrolytes is a rapidly expanding field that involves a worldwide body of workers in academia and industry and it is not possible in a brief chapter to give a comprehensive account. Indeed, some of the most radical solutions to problems of room temperature conductivity and materials compatibility are somewhat shrouded in industrial secrecy, but it is anticipated that, within this decade, the exciting promise of these materials will be fulfilled. 

Reactions of this type, involving highly reactive ionic species in gaseous plasmas, seem likely to prove of practical value in organic synthesis and possible commercial applications are being studied in a number of laboratories (though mostly under conditions of industrial secrecy). 

At first there were conflicting Ideas about mechanism, and I recall working out a scheme which I considered plausible In the middle 50 s and describing It In a seminar at the Shell Development Co. This caused considerable confusion, since Jay Kochi and his colleagues there had worked out the same approach In considerable detail, but were restrained from publishing It because of Industrial secrecy. Kochi of course has gone on to make fundamental contributions to the study of redox systems. Identifying a variety of paths for transition metal-radical reactions (12). 

All [countries considered] have modem research facilities and well-trained scientists and engineers in the semiconductor field. Moreover, the nature of the technology makes industrial secrecy difficult to maintain, the major innovating firms follow liberal licensing policies. Competent semiconductor firms can normally duplicate new devices within six to twelve months. Thus, supply considerations, aside from demand-dependent learning economies, rarely delay diffusion in Europe and Japan at the producer level by more than a year the relevant constraint in these countries generally comes from the demand side. (Tilton 1971, p. 37). 

The reactivity of alumina powders that must be used for the sintering of ceramics has not been fully understood, especially since it is covered by the shroud of the industrial secrecy in powder preparation treatments. The challenge is to obtain a densified ceramic very close to the theoretical density and with a well-controlled... 

The industrial case study presented in this section is taken from the petrochemicals industry. The project is in the design phase and as such the design model will be used to determine the design which leads to the minimum capital cost, while using the PIS operational philosophy. For secrecy reasons the example has been modified and the names of the raw materials and products have been changed to the generic form. 

The second mathematical formulation presented, is a design model based on the PIS operational philosophy. This formulation is an MINLP model due to the capital cost objective function. The model is applied to a literature example and an improved design is achieved when compared to the flowsheet. The design model is then applied to an industrial case study from the phenols production facility to determine its effectiveness. The data for the case study are subject to a secrecy agreement and as such the names and details of the case study are altered. 

Explosives of all types are made for commercial and military purposes in many countries throughout the world. It is, however, difficult to obtain any figures which give a worthwhile idea of the magnitude of the explosives industry. Military explosives are usually made under conditions of secrecy and no figures of output are published. Even for commercial explosives published figures are scanty and vary considerably from country to country. Data which are available are given in Table 1.1. 

O Meara, Patent and Secrecy Agreements, National Industrial Conference... 

Science will scarcely feel this revolution in the short term because of the secrecy in industrial projects and corporate-fimded projects at the university. But man s privacy and trust are seriously at risk following the elucidation of the sequence of the human genome. Defective persons may fece discrimination by employment and health insurance companies. This may pose problems especially to the US citizens because of the lack of a national health care system. Protests against globalization are a sign of the soaring preoccupation by the most exposed, or conscious, society. 

Jaffe, G. (2004a). Sowing Secrecy The Biotech Industry, USDA, and America s Secret Pharm Belt. Washington, DC Center for Science in the Pnblic Interest. 

This procedure of COSMO-RS solvent screening, meanwhile, is applied routinely in a number of large chemical companies. One successful COSMO-RS-based solvent replacement has been reported. This is already implemented in an industrial process and saves more than a million Euro per year [102]. Owing to the secrecy restrictions of most industrial projects, it is likely that other successful applications exist, but are unpublished. 

J. Mertens, The history of artificial ultramarine (1787-1844) science, industry and secrecy , Ambix, 2004, 51, 219-244. 

GC/MS analysis is contributing to the piercing of the veil of secrecy that in former days surrounded perfume formulations. This opening up of information has also affected the economic structure of the industry. The revolution continues. 

Just one generation ago perfumers work and the operations of the fragrance industry were steeped in secrecy. Access to the book of... 

The AICS was collected over a 13-year period commencing in 1977 in preparation for the introduction of an industrial chemical assessment scheme. Companies were requested to have their chemicals, which were in commerce in Australia, nominated and listed on the AICS. The inventory was closed off when the NICNAS commenced operations in 1990. There are approximately 40 000 chemicals on the AICS. The AICS also has a confidential section, which at present has less than 1000 chemicals. The confidential status of chemicals on this section of the AICS is reviewed once every 3 years. Chemicals must meet strict criteria before they can be relisted on the confidential section. If the confidentiality claim is rejected by NICNAS then the chemical is transferred to the non-confidential AICS. Similarly, for assessed new chemicals, there is an opportunity for a company to elect to have its chemical listed on the confidential section of the AICS. However, they must meet the criteria which are designed to balance commercial interests for secrecy against the public interest for disclosure (public right to know). 

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