Pigments, copper phthalocyanine

Photochromic Organic Dyes. Intensive investigations into this category of substances have led to numerous patent appHcations. Copper—phthalocyanine pigments, organic dyes based on cyanine (Ricoh, Pioneer), naphthochinone (Nippon Denki), and ben2othiopyrane (Sony) (123) have been described. They did not lead, however, to any commercial use. Surveys on the possibiUties of optical data storage with photochromic dyes can be found (124,125). 

The second process to finish phthalocyanine, which is more important for P-copper phthalocyanine, involves grinding the dry or aqueous form in a ball mill or a kneader (64). Agents such as sodium chloride, which have to be removed by boiling with water after the grinding, are used. Solvents like aromatic hydrocarbons, xylene, nitrobenzene or chlorobenzene, alcohols, ketones, or esters can be used (1). In the absence of a solvent, the cmde P-phthalocyanine is converted to the a-form (57,65) and has to be treated with a solvent to regain the P-modification. The aggregate stmcture also has an impact on the dispersion behavior of a- and P-copper phthalocyanine pigments (66). 

Knowledge of the most important types of copper phthalocyanine pigments is useful for the understanding of the processes concepts underlying pigment manufacture. Heading the list are the a- and [i-modil i cations of unsubstituted Copper Phthalocyanine Blue (Sec. 3.1.2.3). The a-modification exhibits an unstabilized and a stabilized form as to change of crystal modification. 

Polyhalogenated green copper phthalocyanine pigments are not polymorphous and thus exempt from change of modification. 

Copper phthalocyanine pigments also demonstrate good overall stability to organic solvents. A number of solvents, however, especially aromatics, may cause a change of modification in unstable types or overcrystallization in stable varieties. This phenomenon is largely due to the tendency of the stable phase to nucleate. The particle size of the resulting cystals decreases as the number of nuclei rises. (3-Copper Phthalocyanine Blue is the thermodynamically stable modification. 

Table 27 Commercially available copper phthalocyanine pigments (if not other mentioned).

The 3-color CMY set is well defined for a cyan color almost all ink manufacturers are using green shade copper phthalocyanine — Pigment Blue 15 3 or 15 4. This pigment is... 

R = -C4H9) has been reported to crystallize in four polymorphic forms (Brandt et al. 1982). In the copper phthalocyanines Pigment Blue 15, containing no Cl, is isomorphous with Pigment Blue 15 1, which on an average contains 0.5-1.0 atoms of chlorine per molecule (Hao and Iqbal 1997). Recognition of this phenomenon can be useful, for instance, in attempting to work out the crystal structures of unknown polymorphic forms. 

Wheeler, I. (1979). Copper phthalocyanine pigment production— by reacting compound forming phthalocyanine ring system, benzophenone-tetracarboxylic acid, copper compound, catalyst and nitrogen source. Ciba-Geigy Patent GB 1 544 171. [266, 267]... 

Pigment Blue 15. (Cl 74160). C32H16N8Cu. A bright-blue copper phthalocyanine pigment. Derivation By heating phthalonitrile with cuprous chloride. 

Defintion Bright blue copper phthalocyanine pigment avail, in the a or p crystal modification Empirical CjjHieCuN,... 

Definition Bright blue copper phthalocyanine pigment avail, in the a or p crystal modification Empirical C32H16CUN8 Formula (C6H4C2N)4N4Cu Properties Bright blue microcryst. with purple luster insol. in water, alcohol m.w. 576.08 Toxicology LD (oral, rat) >15 g/kg, (IP, rat) > 3 g/kg TSCA listed... 

Synonims quaternary ammonimn compounds, bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)dimethyl, salts with bentonite, bentonite, montmorillonite copper phthalocyanine Pigment Blue 15 tungsten disulfide zinc oxide -i- 1,3,5-benzene tricaboxylic-(N-4-ll uorophenyl)triamine... 

In recent years, several excellent treatises on copper phthalocyanine pigments have been written, focusing on the synthesis, properties and traditional applications of this remarkable family of truly high performance pigments. In no way is the objective in this chapter to replicate such stand-alone works rather it is to expand the reader s horizon to include several of the more high performance and non-tradi-tional application areas which continue to extend the creative possibilities for this class of product. 

Since phthalocyanine pigments are produced using the metal copper, copper phtha-locyanines have, at least temporarily, become PBTs. The voluntary vaste minimization PBT notice included copper as one of the metals declared to be PBTs. As a result, copper phthalocyanine pigments became PBTs. 

Tittarelli et al. [48] have identified some 20 organic and inorganic pigments (used for coloration of polymers, polymer films and coatings) directly without dissolution by means of vapour-phase UV absorption spectrometry. The influence of a polymeric matrix on TUV profiles was not specified. Each pigment has a characteristic thermal UV profile at a particular temperature. Alpha and beta forms of copper phthalocyanine (Pigment Blues 15 and 15.4) produce different TUV profiles. The heating rate plays... 

An Eco-cell plant operating in Denmark contains a 4 kA Eco cell followed by a 1 kA Eco cascade cell and treats 200 m day of copper phthalocyanine pigment effluent, reducing the Cu from 400 mg dm to 2-3 mg dm and... 

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