Surfactant applications Detergents

Ethoxylated sorbitan ester surfactant mixtures like Tween 20 (cf. Fig. 2.9.38) were often used in biochemical applications. Detergents of this type were analysed by MALDI MS. The aim was to compare the separation results of TLC and RP-LC and to detect impurities within these ethoxylated sorbitan esters [30], Tween 20, the ethoxylated sorbitan carboxylate was ionised resulting in [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ ions. The Tween 20 isomeric and homologue molecules contained a varying number of ethoxylate units. The number of EO units (-CH2CH2O-) was determined from 18 to 34 resulting in Am/z 44 equally spaced signals [30]. 

Technological applications have been found for the oxathietane 1,1-dioxides. Ethane ) -sultones (19) substituted with long, saturated hydrocarbon chains have been developed as foam-producing surfactants and detergents. Attention is being given to the fluorinated sultones (20), especially by Soviet... 

Nonionic Surface-Active Agents. Approximately 14% of the ethylene oxide consumed in the United States is used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. These are derived by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, alkylphenols (qv), tall oil, alkyl mercaptans, and various polyols such as polypropylene glycol), sorbitol, mannitol, and cellulose. They are used in household detergent formulations, industrial surfactant applications, in emulsion polymerization, textiles, paper manufacturing and recycling, and for many other applications (281). 

There are numerous surfactant applications. Cahn and Lynn [206] list about 50 types. Most of these applications can be classified in terms of surfactant action to promote emulsification, foaming, flotation, suspension, detergency or wetting. 

Applications. As medium foaming/hydrotropic surfactants, PEs can be used in detergent cleansing applications with the short chain alkyl esters being effective hydrotropes for nonionic surfactants. Application of PEs in detergents is relatively limited, due to their cost compared to a sulphate/sulphonate, or non-ionic but long chain diesters can be used as effective de-foamers in anionic systems. 

The use of sulphonation chemistry together with the availability of cost effective hydrocarbon feedstock led to the production and wide-scale use of synthetic surfactants in detergents during the 1950s. In particular, tetrapropylene benzene sulphonate rapidly replaced soap-based products in many applications because it does not react with calcium and magnesium in hard water to form scum . The benefits of this new surfactant together with an increasing consumer demand resulted in a substantial diffuse release of this substance into the environment. 

STEROX NJ surfactant is one of the most versatile nonionic surfactants known. It is used in almost every type of industrial surfactant application because it is a powerful detergent, emulsifier and processing aid. This surfactant performs best at temperatures below 51C (124F). 

Alkyl benzene sulphonates are one of the most important groups of surfactants and detergents. More particularly, lin. dodecylbenzenesulphonate is used as an anionic emulsifier for manufacturing of E-PVC as well as for polymer dispersions, whereas the usage of the branched tetrapropylenebenzene sulphonate, TPS, has been reduced to a very limited number of applications. 

Soaps have now almost completely been replaced by synthetic surfactants in many fields of their former application, although they are still in use today in body care products and cosmetics. In Western Europe alone, production still exceeds 700000 t per year. In less developed countries, soap is still the most important surfactant in detergents and cleaners, as was always the case. 

For many of the applications noted in Table 3.2, the desired properties will vary significantly. For that reason, such characteristics as solubility, surface tension reducing capability, critical micelle concentration (cmc), detergency power, wetting control, and foaming capacity may make a given surfactant perform well in some applications and less well in others. The universal surfactant that meets all of the varied needs of surfactant applications has yet to emerge from the industrial or academic laboratory. 

Immunoassays, Applications Food. Liquid Chromatography Food Applications. Nitrosamines. Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Quality Assurance Reference Materials Production of Reference Materials. Sampling Theory. Sensors Overview. Surfactants and Detergents. 

All of the above, particularly those parameters or factors that affect surfactant properties, which make up 10-30% of detergent formulations, as well as sustainability and environment-related properties of the formulation components [7,8], are expected to play a key role in their application. Consequently, the challenge ahead is not only to formulate concentrated cleaners and surfactant-based detergents but also to ensure the providing of environmentally friendly technologies that deliver the benefits customers have come to expect at a cost they are willing to pay while in compliance with sustainability. 

Thus, the Handbook of Detergents, Part E Applications, evaluates the applications of anionic, cationic, and amphoteric-containing surfactants, appraises the various factors and ramifications of the applications of surfactants in different contexts, gauges and related concerns and discusses application procedures involving surfactant and detergent formulation-based processes. 

The aim of this six-volume handbook project (properties, environmental impact, analysis, formulation, application, and production) is to provide readers who are interested in any aspect of surfactants and detergents, a state-of-the-art comprehensive treatise, written by expert practitioners in the field. Thus, various aspects involved—properties, environmental impact, analysis/test methods, formulation application and production of detergents, marketing, environmental and related technological aspects, as well as research problems—are dealt with, emphasizing the practical. This constitutes a shift from the traditional, mostly theoretical focus, of most of the related literature currently available. 

IV. PROTEIN-BASED SURFACTANT APPLICATIONS IN THE DETERGENT AND RELATED INDUSTRIES... 

Recommended Applications Detergent, wetting agent, solubilizer. Oil soluble surfactant... 

Besides these household applications, detergents and surfactant also find numerous important industrial uses. Table 5.3.14 gives an overview of some important fields and the specific function of the detergent therein. 

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