Challenges Ahead

One barrier to the advancement in PAT across various industries is the tendency for each industry to be insular and not necessarily look beyond its walls to see parallel science done that can be applicable in their own environments. Often the technological advancements in terms of new technologies have been discovered in disparate industries, and hence go unnoticed in new area. There is a biennial review of process analytical chemistry in Analytical Chemistry that presents a broad view of advances being made and serves as a good resource. In looking towards the literature and discussions from other industries, one can learn of innovations that can be adapted to new problems without the need for completely new developments single handedly. 

There are several consortia based at universities (CPAC, CPACT) which provide a forum for continuous learning about process analysis and new developments in terms of devices (NeSSI), analyzers (microinstrumentation), and data analysis. These consortia provide a forum for discussing needs, and a means for industries to work together in the development of tools which will support their PAT needs. They can help to bring together experts from numerous industries. 

Some of the industrial challenges for the adoption of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry are how to implement this on existing products, where the investment of manufacturing equipment has already been made, and the motivation to improve the process (or perhaps even to better understand it) may not be deemed cost-effective (though there is a potential of both improving product quality and reducing manufacturing costs). 

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The Challenge Ahead Meeting the Requirements of Green Chemistry. .. 141... 

Although chemical analysis of archaeological materials for purposes of identification and provenance is now well established, there are still many challenges ahead for the inorganic chemist in archaeology. The field of lead... 

Shah, R.R. (2005) Drugs, QTc interval prolongation and final ICH E14 guideline an important milestone with challenges ahead. Drug Safety, 28, 1009-1028. 

The year 2000 will mark 15 years since the initial CMP patents were filed by IBM. Opportunities for expanding use of CMP in existing chip technology continue to flourish. In addition, the challenges ahead for CMP technology to keep pace are formidable in this third wave of the evolution of the technology. Increasing concern about improved within-wafer nonuniformity, better planarity (flatter surfaces), and lower defectivity levels are all requirements for advanced, sub-0.25-micron devices. In addition. 

We have also considered the harm that can come from criticism and have suggested that criticism should be applied cautiously and with care. We have considered how apologies should be offered when we discover one of our own mistakes. We have examined some of the reasons why apologizing is so difficult. We have even looked at a way to apologize when another person may also bear some of the responsibility for a conflict. The role of enthusiasm in keeping ourselves and those around us upbeat, positive, and looking forward to the challenges ahead has also been considered. 

Baker, D.B. and R.P. Richards (1990). Herbicide concentrations in Ohio s drinking water supplies A quantitative exposure assessment. In D.L. Weigmann, ed., Pesticides in the Next Decade The Challenges Ahead. Proceedings of the Third National Research Conference on Pesticides. November 8-9, Virginia Water Resources Research Center. Blacksburg, VA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, pp. 9-30. 

Even though this volume can only cover certain aspects of a rapidly evolving held, we believe that it illustrates the many challenges ahead, and also the success of today s theoretical and spectroscopic methods in achieving a molecular-level understanding of nanostructured systems. As we learn more about the scientific foundations of the subject, we can hope to increase the... 

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