Indicator parameters

ERF error flag, integer variable normally zero ERF= 1 indicates parameters are not available for one or more binary pairs in the mixture ERF = 2 indicates no solution was obtained ERF = 3 or 4 indicates the specified flash temperature is less than the bubble-point temperature or greater than the dew-point temperature respectively ERF = 5 indicates bad input arguments. 

During a preliminary investigation, much of the expense associated with analytical activities can be reduced by using surrogate or good indicator parameters. These are typically nonspecific. 

Minimum water velocities should be maintained in the upper floors of high-rise buildings where air may tend to come out of solution because of reduced pressures. High velocities should be used in down-return mains feeding into air-separation units located at a low level in the system. Table 27.10 can be taken as a guide. Water velocities shown in Tables 27.9 and 27.10 are indicative parameters only on the one hand, to limit noise problems and... 

The concept of indicator parameters as recommended under RCRA for industries with a known waste stream with a limited number of... 

The combustion of a chemical substance takes place in the gaseous phase except with metals and metalloids where combustion takes place in the solid phase. This impiies that a soiid or a liquid inflammable chemical has the ability to vapourise in order to buiid an inflammable vapour-air mixture. The two indicative parameters are the boiling point and, most important, the vapour pressure of the liquid. 

Dashes indicate parameters not regulated for BPT in this subcategory. 

The formulation of the engineered nonlinear short-term model presented is a variant of an MINLP model described in the dissertation by Schulz [5], In this subsection, all necessary indices, parameters and variables are introduced, and the constraints and the objective function are derived. In the following section, the nonlinear formulation is linearized yielding a MILP model. In order to keep track of the variables used in the MINLP and in the MILP formulation, they are displayed in Figure 7.3 along with some key parameters. 

In each of the following, enough data are given to calculate the indicated parameter(s). Show your work. 

Monitoring remedial progress requires monitoring of both groundwater and aquifer media samples for compounds of concern and other indicator parameters. Typically, groundwater samples should be collected and analyzed monthly, or quarterly at a minimum. More frequent sampling is not usually justified because groundwater flow is relatively slow and biochemical reactions in the subsurface are typically slow compared with laboratory reactions. Confirmatory soil samples are routinely collected, prior to site closure, to demonstrate that cleanup objectives have been achieved. 

These results indicate that our scaled-up model ecosystems are more useful for studying system processes than processes that function in individual components of the environment. In this regard, a preliminary large scale ecosystem study could be very useful to indicate parameter limits such as overall degradation rates and likely concentrations of parent compounds plus metabolites over time. Such information would be useful in the design of metabolic studies in various components of the ecosystem. In addition, the large scale ecosystem study could also be used to determine if processes derived under laboratory conditions continue to function and/or predominate when combined in a complex system. 

Clark TP, Piskin R. 1977. Chemical quality and indicator parameters for monitoring landfill leachate in Illinois. Environmental Geology 1 329-340. 

Figure 8 Frequency spectra of (A) single and (B) double HS pulses, calculated with the indicated parameters and taking ) =5.3.

Indicator parameters can be valid only for a certain time period, in a limited geographic area, and for a particular environmental system. On the other hand, a parameter such as drinking water taste will have more universal value as an indicative parameter (10). 

In particular, note that many of our proposed control scenarios provide the experimentalist with a clear-cut statement of which parameters need to be varied to achieve control. Further, they tend to utilize relatively simple laser pulse (or CW) characteristics. Thus, our approach would apply to larger molecules in the same way as to smaller molecules that is, the experimentalist needs only to vary the indicated parameters (e.g., laser intensities, phases, etc.) and search for control in this parameter space. 

Due to the various economic aspects that have to be captured by the optimization model, a large number of indices, parameters and decision variables is required. The notation used is contained in Table 5 (indices), Table 6 (parameters), Table 7 (calculated parameters) and Table 8 (decision variables). Additionally, the link of major parameters and decision variables to the production network and the cost structure underlying the model are visualized in Figures 20 to 23. To simplify the notation some parameters are defined at a higher aggregation level (e.g., exchange rates per currency or transport costs at source-destination country level) and the applicable link is indicated in brackets after the index (e.g., exrateq(rs)t indicates the exchange rate for the currency raw material r is denominated in at site s). 

Table 10. Indices, parameters and decision variables for product mix extension...

The basic model presented in Chapter 3.4.2 distinguishes between internally manufactured intermediates and externally procured raw materials without considering make or buy options for intermediates. For some application cases it might however be required to include make or buy - decisions in the network design model. The decision can be made either for the entire production network or individually for each site. In order to incorporate make or buy - decisions (and possibly vendor selection), suppliers have to be modeled as an additional network node. Table 11 contains the additional indices, parameters and decision variables required to implement a make or buy formulation for intermediates. 

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