Surface waters operational monitoring

For evaluating pollution, data is taken from the state network monitoring the quality of surface water operated by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute based on several indicators (BOD5, N-NH4, N-NOG, Ptotal and the saprobic index of macrozoobenthos). 

In contrast to the physico/chemical measurement systems, BEWS are sensitive to many toxic compounds, even to those that are not included in the routine monitoring programmes. They operate continuously (24/24h, 7/7d) and provide early results. In the case of an accidental spill they should generate an alarm within minutes to one hour (van der Schalie el al., 1999). BEWS have recently been included in the WFD Common Implementation Strategy Guideline 19 on surface water chemical monitoring as complementary method (European Communities, 2009). 

Water Quality. AH commercial oil shale operations require substantial quantities of water. AH product water is treated for use and operations are permitted as zero-discharge facHities. In the Unocal operation, no accidental releases of surface water have occurred during the last four years of sustained operations from 1986 to 1990. The Unocal Parachute Creek Project compliance monitoring program of ground water, surface water, and process water streams have indicated no adverse water quaHty impacts and no violations of the Colorado Department of Health standards (62). 

Additional design, operating, and monitoring requirements may be necessary for facilities managing dioxin wastes in order to reduce the possibility of migration of these wastes to groundwater, surface water, or air so as to protect human health and the environment. 

The SW-846 methods are used in the RCRA compliance and monitoring programs for hazardous waste and stack gas characterization, groundwater monitoring, soil, surface water, and groundwater analysis during site investigation and remediation. Many laboratories adopted the SW-846 technical provisions as standards for routine operations. The fact that many of the SW-846 methods do not specify the acceptance criteria for analytical accuracy and precision and allow laboratories to use their own makes these methods even more attractive to the laboratories. 

Select monitoring points—wells or springs situated near all potential pollution sources (in the downflow direction), surface water bodies (rivers, lakes, operational ponds, etc.), and water supplying wells... 

Manganese occurs in groundwaters and surface waters that are low in oxygen it often occurs with iron. When it is oxidized in aerobic waters, manganese precipitates as a black slimy deposit, which can build up in distribution to cause severe discolouration at concentrations above about 0.05 mg/L, The health-based guideline value is 0,4 mg/L, Monitoring is only likely to be required for operational reasons where a potential problem has been identified, in which case, final water from the treatment works would normally be the most appropriate sample site. 

Capping the residue pile and closure of operation must be done in an environmentally safe manner. This also is an expensive proposition. Free cyanides are left in the residue may volatilize to the atmosphere or be destroyed by ultraviolet radiation. However, surface water contamination, even after the closure, becomes an important issue. Monitoring of groundwater wells installed at the time of closure is continued through the postclosure period, typically over a period of 30 years. It seems to be an important research task to develop processes that can be used for decisive treatment of residues and remediation of sites. 

In case of significant chemical pressures from diffuse sources, die water body selected for operational monitoring must be representative of the occurrence of the diffuse pressures and of the relative risk of failure to achieve good surface water status. However, it should be taken into account that water bodies can only be grouped where the type and magnitude of pressure are similar. 

The whole operation was carried out on-site in eight batches distributed over a period of one month. Operation parameters were monitored and samples of all process streams analysed, which provided initial insights about the surface water behaviour. 

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