Suppositories application

Mesalamine—Swallow tablets whole do not chew them. For the suppository, remove foil wrapper and immediately insert tiie pointed end into the rectum without using force. For tiie suspension form, instructions are included with the product. Shake well, remove the protective sheath from the applicator tip, and gently insert the tip into the rectum. Partially intact tablets may be found in the stool if this occurs, notify the primary health care provider. 

The flow-through cell is applicable not only for the determination of the dissolution rate of tablets and sugar-coated tablets, but has also been applied to suppositories, soft-gelatin capsules, semisolids, powders, granules, and implants. A small volume cell containing the sample solution is subjected to a continuous stream of dissolution media. The dissolution... 

All the above mentioned polymers have been evaluated mainly for application in the intestine. Finally, the last part of the gastrointestinal tract, the rectum should also be mentioned as a suitable site for delivery and fast absorption of therapeutics. Kim et al. [88] developed an in situ gelling and mucoadhesive acetaminophen liquid suppository prepared with poloxamers and sodium alginate. It was found that this particular formulation of acetaminophen in humans resulted in shorter T ax and higher maximum plasma concentrations of dmg (C ax) than the conventional acetaminophen suppositories. 

Older compilations about the state of the art can be found in several review articles [41 -47]. It is surprising that most work is carried out with the surfactant bis-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (tradename AOT or Aerosol OT). The reasons seem to be the variability of the obtained reverse micelles (from very low up to high water concentrations) and the well-known phase behaviour of AOT with water and several oils [48,49]. AOT is approved for medical application, e.g. as an additive in suppositories, but not for food engineering. 

Nystatin is a polyene macrolide much like amphotericin B. It is too toxic for parenteral administration and is only used topically. Nystatin is currently available in creams, ointments, suppositories, and other forms for application to skin and mucous membranes. It is not absorbed to a significant degree from skin, mucous membranes, or the gastrointestinal tract. As a result, nystatin has little toxicity, although oral use is often limited by the unpleasant taste. 

Sorbitan sesquioleate emulsions of petrolatum and wax are used as ointment vehicles in skin treatment. In topical applications, the inclusion of both sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives modifies the rate of release and promotes the absorption of antibiotics, antiseptics, local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, and other medications from suppositories, ointments, and lotions. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monooleate, also known as Polysorbate 80 (USP 23), has been used to promote absorption of ingested fats from the intestine (245). 

Suppositories are pharmaceutical dosage forms intended for administration of medicine via the rectum, vagina, or urethra that melt, soften, or dissolve in the body cavity. Rectal and vaginal suppositories are most common but urethral suppositories are sometimes used. Suppositories are indicated for administering drugs to infants and small children, severely debilitated patients, those who cannot take medications orally, and those for whom the parenteral route might be unsuitable. Suppositories are used to administer drugs for either systemic or local application. Local applications include the... 

Te Wierik GH, Eissens AC, Lerk CF. Preparation, characterization, and pharmaceutical application of lineardextrins. III. Drug release from fatty suppository bases containing amylodextrin. Pharm Res 1994 11(1) 108 110. 

Dosages and routes of administration Morphine is available in different salt forms but the hydrochloride and sulfate (Vermeire and Remon, 1999) are used preferentially. The compound can be administered by the oral, parenteral or intraspinal route. Oral application is preferred for chronic pain treatment and various slow release forms have been developed to reduce the administration frequency to 2-3 times per day (Bourke et al., 2000). Parenteral morphine is used in intravenous or intramuscular doses of 10 mg, mostly for postoperative pain and self-administration devices are available for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Morphine is additionally used for intraspinal (epidural or intrathecal) administration. Morphine is absorbed reasonably well in the lower gastrointestinal tract and can be given as suppositories. 

Because of the widespread applications of surface chemistry, practically all industries, knowingly or otherwise, make use of the principles of surface chemistry. Countless cosmetic and pharmaceutical products are emulsions—lotions, creams, ointments, suppositories, etc. Food emulsions include milk, margarine, salad dressings and sauces. Adhesive emulsions, emulsion paints, self-polishing waxes, waterless hand cleaners and emulsifiable insecticide concentrates are commonplace examples of emulsions, which fall within the province of surface chemistry. Other products winch function in accordance with the principles of smface chemistry include detergents of every variety, fabric softeners, antistatic agents, mold releases, dispersants and flocculants. 

An important issue that has been recognized recently concerns the potential adverse effect of absorption enhancers on the rectal mucosa, as shown in rats after a single application [61,62], Safety evaluation of the applicability of absorption enhancers is imperative. In clinical application, medium-chain fatty acids such as sodium caprate are used only for suppositories containing antibiotics [36],... 

Hardy, J.G., et al. 1987. The application of gamma-scintigraphy for the evaluation of the relative spreading of suppository bases in rectal hard gelatin capsules. Int J Pharm 38 103. 

Bergogne-Berezin, E., and A. Bryskier. 1999. The suppository form of antibiotic administration Pharmacokinetics and clinical application. J Antimicrob Chemother 43 177. 

Frijlink, H.W., et al. 1992. The effects of cyclodextrins on drug release from fatty suppository bases. III. Application of cyclodextrin derivatives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 38 174. 

Conventional formulations intended for vaginal application include solutions, foams, creams, gels, tablets, and suppositories, in particular pessaries. 

A vaginal suppository based on ornidazole, a drug characterized by the activity against bacteria and protozoa, demonstrated the same safety and effectiveness in the treatment of vaginitis as that of a tablet formulation in addition, the slippery and smooth surface of the suppository-facilitated application and the irritation in the vulva-vaginal region was reduced in comparison with that induced by the tablet formulation [33]. 

Pilewort has astringent and demulcent properties. Traditionally, it is used for hemorrhoids, and specifically for internal or prolapsed piles with or without hemorrhage, by topical application as an ointment or a suppository. 

Rectal liquid 4 mL per applicator Glycerin suppository (generic, Sani-Supp)... 

After an extraction into methylene chloride from a methanolic pH 7.2 phosphate buffer, the ultraviolet absorbance is measured near 318 nm. This analysis measures intact indomethacin in the presence of its hydrolytic degradation products. If esterification has occurred, an ether wash prior to extraction from phosphate buffer has been used to prevent interference caused by esters(39). This procedure is also applicable to injections, suppositories, suspensions and tablets. 

A decoction of the bark, which is more astringent than the leaves, checks external and internal hemorrhages, and this astringency, when in combination with the more specific principles of Pilewort, makes one of the most effective pile medicines known. The compound can be obtained in the form of both ointment and suppositories for external application. For varicose veins an extract of the fresh leaves and young twigs of Witch Hazel is applied on a lint bandage kept constantly moist. 

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