Slow release form

I. Grattagliono, P. Wieland, C. Schranz, B. H. Lauterburg, Disposition of Glutathione Monoethyl Ester in the Rat Glutathione Ester Is a Slow Release Form of Extracellular Glutathione , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995, 272, 484-488. 

The addictiveness of a given substance goes beyond the chemical structure of the addictive drug itself (i.e., morphine, cocaine, or nicotine). The effects are also related to the dose and speed of delivery, as well as to other substances that might be part of the formulation. For example, just as the oral consumption of opioids and cocaine produce substantially less pronounced behavioral and physiological effects than intravenous or smoked consumption, slow release forms of nicotine produce generally less pronounced effects than smoked forms (Henningfield and Keenan 1993). Similarly, the free base or unprotonated forms of cocaine and... 

Acute mania Optimal patient response is usually established and maintained with 600 mg 3 times/day or 900 mg twice/day for the slow release form. Such doses normally produce an effective serum lithium level ranging between 1 and 1.5 mEq/L. 

Sugar-coated products have been marketed that contain KCl in a wax matrix (Slow-K and Kaon-Ct) and are purportedly slow- and controlled-release preparations. Available evidence indicates that these slow-release forms of KCl are occasionally capable of causing local tissue damage and therefore prol5ably should be used with caution for K+ supplementation. Solutions of potassium gluconate, like the tablets, also have been associated with intestinal ulceration. Microencapsulated KCl preparations Micro-K, K-Dur) that are neither enteric coated nor contained within a wax matrix appear to be superior to the wax matrix formulation. 

E. Nefazodone,fluoxetine,mirtazapine, and venlafaxine have minimal effects on seizure threshold. Bupropion in its original formulation caused seizures in 4 in 1000 patients. Although this has been reduced with the slow release form of the medication (Wellbutrin SR), it remains a contraindication to prescribe this medication to patients with a history of seizures. 

One way of improving the therapeutic value of physostigmine in the treatment of AD is the use of slow-release forms. Some of these are currently in clinical development. The search for cholinesterase inhibitors with longer half-lives and stronger effects led to the discovery of the aminoacridines, tacrine and its major metabolite, velnacrine maleate [Davis and Powchik... 

Dosages and routes of administration Morphine is available in different salt forms but the hydrochloride and sulfate (Vermeire and Remon, 1999) are used preferentially. The compound can be administered by the oral, parenteral or intraspinal route. Oral application is preferred for chronic pain treatment and various slow release forms have been developed to reduce the administration frequency to 2-3 times per day (Bourke et al., 2000). Parenteral morphine is used in intravenous or intramuscular doses of 10 mg, mostly for postoperative pain and self-administration devices are available for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Morphine is additionally used for intraspinal (epidural or intrathecal) administration. Morphine is absorbed reasonably well in the lower gastrointestinal tract and can be given as suppositories. 

Isocyanurates have been widely and successfully used in swimming pools, as well as in many industrial cooling and comfort cooling systems. They are typically supplied as chlorine tablets, in a slow-release form... 

According to the makers of Duragesic, it is important not to also use slow-release forms of morphine or oxycodone while using the patch. This would include switching between the two forms of medication or using both at the same time. Other medications that can react negatively with fentanyl use include medicines for high blood pressure and seizures. 

Grzeszczak W. [Cardura XL—a unique drug formulation—doxazosine administered in a slow-release form (doxazosine GITS)]. Przegl Lek 2000 57(ll) 643-654. 

I Elimination half-life is short (three hours) so requires mttltiple daily dosing. Slow-release form has effective half-life of nine hoitrs. Active metaboUte 1-pyrarrridyl piperazine (1-PP, an 0.2 antagonist) may contribute to buspirone s effect. 

Agents available in slow-release forms that delay absorption but not elimination half-life venlafaxine also inhibits norepinephrine transport at higher doses. 

Insoluble derivatives of antibiotic substances hold potential for (a) the formation of bactericidal and fungicidal surfaces, (b) chromatographic columns and functional membranes protected from microbial attack, and (c) slow-release forms of antibiotics. They could have numerous applications in medicine, industry, and the laboratory. 

Potassium supplements are given to patients receiving those diuretics known as the potassium-wasting diuretics, which cause loss of potassium in the urine. Orally administered potassium is frequently given in a slow-release form, enteric-coated, since potassium chloride is corrosive to the epithelial tissues of the stomach. Potassium is absorbed throughout the gastrointestinal tract and is transferred readily across epithelial membranes [10]. 

ZT-1, a semi-synthesized prodmg of hupA, has been tested for the treatment of AD symptoms. An open label phase II study in patients with mild-to-moderate AD with once-daUy oral formulation of ZT-1 was reported to have good efficacy and tolerability comparable to donepezil [76]. A phase I smdy for a sustained-release ZT-1 implant dosage form concluded that the implants were safe up to a dose of 15 mg month and continuously released the active component over a period of 28 days [76]. Subsequently, a phase II study was designed for this implant and the investigators argued that a continuous slow-release form of ZT-1 could reduce the side effects and increase the compliance for AD treatment compared to donepezil [76] however, to our knowledge, the results of these trials have not yet been published. 

In a number of experiments, soil application of Se° was tested. This was a slow-release form of Se and was intended as a treatment having a long-term effect. However, Se° has to be oxidized to Se" or Se + before it becomes available to plants, and many environmental factors, such as pH, humidity, microorganisms etc., have an impact on the rate of oxidation. Consequently, it is very difficult to predict the effect of soil supplementation using elemental Se on the Se concenttation in plants (Gissel-Nielsen and Gupta 2004). 

Skin Two patients taking a slow release form of quinidine developed an acute photosensitivity reaction following exposure to the sun, but it could not be determined if it was quinidine or some other constituent of... 

Zinc cross-links proteins in a manner similar to S-S bridges. For example, insulin may be formulated as its zinc complex in order to produce a slow-release form of the dmg. In the body, this cross-linking results in the formation of zinc fingers in receptor proteins which are important binding sites for hormones such as corticosteroids. 

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