Sulfones physicochemical properties

The composition of AOS and IOS is determined by the choice of the olefin feedstock, by the way the feedstock is sulfonated and by manufacturing conditions. As will be shown later, the structural parameters such as hydrophobe chain length and branching, the ratio of alkene- to hydroxyalkanesulfonate, and (for AOS) the mono disulfonate ratio determine the physicochemical properties of AOS and IOS these in turn determine the performance of AOS and IOS in their end formulations. 

Surfactants and their biotransformation products enter surface waters primarily through discharges from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Depending on their physicochemical properties, surface-active substances may partition between the dissolved phase and the solid phase through adsorption onto suspended particles and sediments [1,2]. Several environmental studies have been dedicated to the assessment of the contribution of surfactant residues in effluents to the total load of surfactants in receiving waters. This contribution reviews the relevant literature describing the presence of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) and in particular of their degradation products in surface waters and sediments (Table 6.3.1). 

Properties of Plasteins. Plasteins are generally characterized by their low solubility in water. If during the resynthesis reaction a part of the product becomes insoluble, this serves as a driving force. Aso et al. (56, 57) investigated some physicochemical properties of a water-insoluble fraction of a plastein produced from a soybean globulin hydrolysate. This fraction interacted with l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to give a new and larger ANS emission spectrum at 450 nm (Table II). 

Other nonhalogenated anions, such as tosylate, sulfate, alkylsulfate, sulfonate, borate, lactate, or salicylate, have been developed more recently and their physicochemical properties have been described. ILs with triazolate anions can serve as both solvent and basic catalyst for the isomerization of isocyanate [15]. 

E. Vallejo, G. Pourcelly, C. Gavach, R. Mercier, M. Pineri, Sulfonated polyimides as proton conductor exchange membranes. Physicochemical properties and separation H /Mz by electrodialysis comparison with a per-fluorosulfonic membrane. Journal of Membrane Science 160 (1999). 

In self-doped polyaniline, sulfonic groups induce changes in the geometry of the polyaniline backbone [152], affecting the physicochemical properties of the polymer. Comparative electronic absorption... 

Rayne S, Forest K (2009) Perfluoroalkyl sulfonic and carboxylic acids A critical review of physicochemical properties, levels and patterns in waters and wastewaters, and treatment methods. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 44 1145-1199... 

Many Al-acyl-aminoacids contain substituents with enhanced polarity, such as sulfonates, quaternary ammonium groups, and zwitterionic moieties, that endow them with interesting physicochemical properties, such as the ability to form vesicles [26] or globular aggregates [27]. In a similar way (see Scheme... 

Several materials have been proposed and commercialized as electrolytes for HT-PEFCs. As introduced before, the main polymers used materials from the PBI family and the Advent tetramethyl pyridine sulfone (TPS) family, both being basic polymers allowing chemical interaction with mineral acids (e.g., phosphoric acid) see Fig. 1. Differences can be fotmd both in the chemistry and in the synthetic process especially among the different PBIs, yielding different physicochemical properties such as glass transition temperatures, mechanical stabilities, proton conductivities, and achievable phosphoric acid doping levels (defined as either the ratio of phosphoric acid molecules per polymer repeat unit or the weight ratio of polymer and included phosphoric acid) for a summary, see Table 1. 

Jeong et al. [69] synthesized acid-doped sulfonated poly(aryl ether benzimidazole) (s-PAEBI) copolymers for use in high-temperature fuel cells. The polymer was made in a direct polymerization (structure confirmed with NMR) and doped with phosphoric acid to levels of 0.7-5.7. The degree of sulfonation was varied from 0-60%. The copolymer s physicochemical properties were studied using AFM, TGA, and conductivity measurements. TGA runs showed good stability of the nonsulfonated, sulfonated, and acid-doped sulfonated membranes up to 450 °C, with a slow decline above this temperature. The conductivity depended on the doping level of the polymer. At 130 °C with no hiunidification, a polymer with a doping level of 5.7 had a conductivity of 7.3 X 10 S cm ... 

Both perfluorosulfonate membranes and perfluorocarboxylate membranes are cation exchange membrane (cation Na ) and are based on perfluorocarbon polymer. However, the fixed group of perfluorosulfonate membranes is sulfonate pendant (-SO3-) while perfluorocarboxylate is carboxylate pendant (-COO-). This structure difference leads to different physicochemical properties. 

Davison, B., C. N. Hewitt, C. D. O Dowd, J. A. Lowe, M. H. Smith, M. Schwikowski, U. Baltensperger, and R. M. Harrison, Dimethyl Sulfide, Methane Sulfonic Acid, and Physicochemical Aerosol Properties in Atlantic Air from the United Kingdom to Halley Bay, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22855-22867 (1996). 

The properties of acid-bearing polymers are determined by (a) the chemical nature of the monomers (b) the microstructure of the polymer (c) their molecular weight and molecular weight distribution and (d) their morphology in the solid state. Sulfonated polymers usually exhibit a much higher proton conductivity than phosphonylated or carboxylated polymers for a given ion content, and generally aromatic polymers exhibit better chemical and thermal stability than aliphatic polymers. Moreover, physicochemical... 

Radiation-induced graft copolymerization is an alternative modification approach for preparation of PEMs, commonly prepared by grafting of styrene or its derivatives onto fluoro-polymer films and subsequent sulfonation. These manbranes have been found to possess excellent combinations of physicochemical and thermal properties. However, chemical stability remains the main challenge precluding the implementation of such mmbranes in commercial fuel cell systems despite many successful laboratory tests in the short and medium terms. Various approaches have... 

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