Radiation-induced graft copolymerization

The correct choice of solvents is essential to the success of radiation-induced graft copolymerization. Their influence on radiation grafting has been the subject of many studies. It has been established that solvents play an important role in grafting because of the significance of polymer swelling. The grafting patterns to PP are solvent-dependent, thus, it is essential to examine the role of solvents. It was found that grafting in the alcohol is better than when other polar solvents such as dimethyl-... 

Sakurada, I., T. Okada, and E. Hugo Radiation induced graft copolymerization to polyvinyl alcohol. Large Radiation Sources in Industry , Vol. I. 447 (1960). Int. Atom. Energy Agency Vienna, see also Isotopes and Radiation (Japan) 2, 296, 306, 316, 581 (1959). 

Sakurada, I., T. Okasa, Hatakeyama, and F. Kimura. Radiation-induced graft copolymerization onto cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol fibers with binary mixtures of comonomers. J. Polymer Sci. C 4, 1233 (1964). 

Oman, G., A. Rossi, E. Ratchik, and T. Acker Monomer reactivities in radiation-induced graft copolymerization. J. Polymer Sci. 54, Sll (1961). —, T. Acker, A. Rossi, and E. Ratchik Monomer reactivities in radiation-induced graft copolymerization, Part II. Graft copolymerization to teflon. J. Polymer Sci. 57, 661 (1962). 

Sumitomo, H., and Y. Hachihama Radiation-induced graft copolymerization in acrylic systems. K6gy6 Kagaku Zasshi 60, 840 (1957) Chem. Afcstr. 53, 10834 (1959). 

Plessier C, Gaupta B, and Chapiro A. Modification of polypropylene fiber by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile monomer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1998 69 1343-1348. 

Similar results are obtained in the radiation-induced graft copolymerization of butadiene-acrylonitrile and styrene-acrylonitrile onto polyvinyl alcohol fibers (22). 

M.M. Nasef, H. Saidi, H.M. Nor, K.Z.M. Dahlan, K. Hashim, Cation exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto PFA... 

N.M.Claramma, N.M. Mathew, and E.V.Thomas, Radiation induced graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile on natural rubber. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 33 (2) pp. 87 -89,1989. 

Nasef MM, Hegazy ESA. Preparation and applications of ion exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of polar monomers onto non-polar films. Prog Polym Sci 2004 29(6) 499-561. 

Fang, Y, Shi, T., Wang, W. et al. 1989. Kinetics of radiation-induced graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate onto polyethylene membranes. J Appl Polym Sci. 38 821-828. 

Chen J, Asano M, Yamaki T, Yoshida M (2006) Preparation and characterization of chemically stable polymer electrolyte membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of four monomers into ETFE films. J Membr Sci 269 194-204... 

The only way to apply chemically bonded thin perfluorosulfonic acid layer onto the surface of an inert support is to graft perfluorinated functional monomers onto perfluorinated polymers. Some features of radiation-induced graft copolymerization of PFAVESF onto fluoropolymers were investigated. The studies showed that neither irradiation of a fluoropolymer-PFAVESF mixture (direct grafting) or interaction of PFAVESF with previously irradiated fluoropolymers (preirradiation grafting) yielded the grafted copolymers. It was assumed that this is connected with the low activity of PFAVE in radical polymerization. A special method has been developed for the synthesis of grafted copolymer. Previously irradiated fluoropolymer powders were used to prevent waste of PFAVESF. 

Gupta, B. and Scherer, G. 1994. Proton exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of monomers into Teflon-FEP films. Chimia 48 127-137. 

Lee, S.W., Bondar, Y. and Han, D.H. 2008a. Synthesis of a cation-exchange fabric with sulfonate groups by radiation-induced graft copolymerization from binary monomer mixtures. RetKt. Funct. Polxm. 68 474-482. 

Nasef, M.M. 2008. Fuel cell membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization Current status, challenges, and future directions. In Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells, eds. S.M.J. Zaidi and T. Matsuura, pp. 87-114. Springer Science New York. 

Lora, S., Carenza, M., Palma, G., Pezzin, G., Caliceti, P., Battaglia, P. and Lora, A. (1991) Biocompatible polyphosphazenes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization and heparinization. Birrmaterials, 12(3), 275-280... 

Qiu JY, Zhang JZ, Chen JH, Peng J, Xu L, Zhai ML, et al. Amphoteric ion exchange membrane synthesized by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate into PVDF film for vanadium redox flow battery applications. J Membr Sci 2009 334 9-15. 

In recent years, the radiation-induced graft copolymerization techniques have received considerable interest. The accelerated electrons have sufficient energy to induce cleavage of the chemical bonds in the polymeric structure to form macromolecule radicals which subsequently initiate graft copolymerization. 

Radiation-induced graft copolymerization using different radiation sources (electron beam, O.l-lOMev and cobalt source ( °Co)) has been widely experimented to chemically modify the surface of polymers because of its versatility and capabilities to treat a wide range of polymer surface through the choice of different fimctional monomers. 

Scherer et al. presented in 1994 a method for gamma radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene and acryhc acid monomers into Teflon-FEP (poly(tetra-fluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene)) films with a view to develop proton exchange membranes for various applications [541]. This process oflbrs an easy control over the composition of a membrane by careful variation in radiation dose, dose rate, monomer concentration, and temperature of the grafting reaction. 

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