Given quantity

The relationship required is the gas expansion factor (E), and is defined for a given quantity (mass or number of moles) of gas as... 

Boyle s law states that the volume of a given quantity of a gas varies inversely as the pressure, the temperature remaining constant. That is. 

The unit power consumption, P, or power required to cut a given quantity of a particular material, can be deterrnined by... 

Radioactive isotopes are characterized by a number of parameters in addition to those attributable to chemistry. These are radioactive half-life, mode of decay, and type and quantity of radioactive emissions. The half-life, defined as the time required for one-half of a given quantity of radioactivity to decay, can range from milliseconds to biUions of years. Except for the most extreme conditions under very unusual circumstances, half-life is independent of temperature, pressure, and chemical environment. 

Roundwood equivalent is also sometimes used. It refers to the volume of logs or other round products required to produce a given quantity of lumber, plywood, wood pulp, and other wood products (2). Roundwood equivalents may be used ia assessiag the overall wood resource supply and demand or ia comparing wood products measured ia different units. 

Bismuth pellets range from 4.5 to 60 g in size and are used for metallurgical additives. Thek convenient size and specific weights make them particularly useful as feedstock when a given quantity of bismuth must be added regularly to a melt. 

Extraction and Extractive Distillation. The choice of an extraction or extractive distillation solvent depends upon its boiling point, polarity, thermal stabiUty, selectivity, aromatics capacity, and upon the feed aromatic content (see Extraction). Capacity, defined as the quantity of material that is extracted from the feed by a given quantity of solvent, must be balanced against selectivity, defined as the degree to which the solvent extracts the aromatics in the feed in preference to paraffins and other materials. Most high capacity solvents have low selectivity. The ultimate choice of solvent is deterrnined by economics. The most important extraction processes use either sulfolane or glycols as the polar extraction solvent. 

Detectors. The function of the gc detector is to sense the presence of a constituent of the sample at the outlet of the column. Selectivity is the property that allows the detector to discriminate between constituents. Thus a detector selective to a particular compound type responds especially weU to compounds of that type, but not to other chemical species. The response is the signal strength generated by a given quantity of material. Sensitivity is a measure of the abiHty of the detector to register the presence of the component of interest. It is usually given as the quantity of material that can be detected having a response at twice the noise level of the detector. 

The second law of thermodynamics focuses on the quaUty, or value, of energy. The measure of quaUty is the fraction of a given quantity of energy that can be converted to work. What is valued in energy purchased is the abiUty to do work. Electricity, for example, can be totally converted to work, whereas only a small fraction of the heat rejected to a cooling tower can make this transition. As a result, electricity is a much more valuable and more costly commodity. 

Published figures for inflation rates are based on some particular mixture of goods and sei vices that is chosen to represent the material wants of the average citizen. If a given quantity of this specific mixture cost 100 last year and now costs 120, then the mix has suffered a 20 percent rate of inflation. The purchasing power of the currency (i.e., of the 120) in respecl of these goods and sei vices has consequently fallen by a factor of ( 120 — 100)/ 120, or 16.7 percent. 

Manufacturing Facility location where work will be performed Yield definition of the quantity of product to be produced from a given quantity of raw materials... 

The chemical composition of particulate pollutants is determined in two forms specific elements, or specific compounds or ions. Knowledge of their chemical composition is useful in determining the sources of airborne particles and in understanding the fate of particles in the atmosphere. Elemental analysis yields results in terms of the individual elements present in a sample such as a given quantity of sulfur, S. From elemental analysis techniques we do not obtain direct information about the chemical form of S in a sample such as sulfate (SO/ ) or sulfide. Two nondestructive techniques used for direct elemental analysis of particulate samples are X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and neutron activation analysis (NAA). 

Flow rate The volume of solution which passes through a given quantity of resin within a given time. Flow rate is usually expressed in terms of feet per minute per cubic foot of resin or as millimeters per minute per millimeter of resin. 

Dew Point The temperature to which air with a given quantity of water vapor must be cooled to cause condensation of the vapor in the air. 

Bypass damper A damper positioned in the airstream which allows a given quantity of air to be diverted to another run or rejected to outdoors. 

Joule s law The internal energy of a given quantity of gas depends only on its temperature and is independent of its pressure and volume. 

Theoretical air quantity The stoichiometric quantity of air required for complete combustion of a given quantity of a specific fuel. 

Trickle valves Manual or automatic valves or openings that allow a given quantity of air or other gas to pass from one space to another. 

The heating value of a waste and/or fuel is one of its most important chemical properties. Tliis value represents the amount of heat evolved in tlie complete reaction (usually combustion) of a given quantity of the waste and/or fuel. 

In a batch process, a given quantity of reacttuits is plaeed in a container, and by ehemieal and/or physieal means, a eliange is made to oecur. At the end of die process, die container holds die product or products. In a continuous process, reactants are fed in an unending flow to a piece of equipment or to several pieces in series, and products are continuously removed from one or more points. A continuous process may or may not be steady state. 

The name Propagator, also known as a Greens function, arises from a time-dependent evolution of a given quantity. For two time-dependent operators P(t) and Q(f), a propagator may be defined as... 

Carbon residue is expressed as a percentage by weight of the original sample of the fuel, with the amount determined by burning a given quantity in a scaled container until all that remains is carbon residue. The amount of carbon residue left within the combustion chamber of the engine has a direct bearing upon the internal deposits and affects the cleanliness of combustion, particularly the smoke emissions at the exhaust stack. 

For most practical purposes, it will serve to know the relative viscosity of the fluid. Relative viscosity is determined by timing the flow of a given quantity of the hydraulic fluid through a standard orifice at a given temperature. There are several methods in use. The most acceptable method in the United States is the Saybolt viscosimeter. Figure 40.17. 

If one half the given quantity of hydrogen fluoride is used, all other factors being kept the same, the m-cymene formed contains as much as 5% of -cymene. 

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