Cellular and subcellular distribution

Cornea-Hebert, V., Riad, M., Wu, C., Singh, S. K. Descarries, L. (1999). Cellular and subcellular distribution of the serotonin 5-UT2A receptor in the central nervous system of adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 187-209. 

Additional applications of BSOCOES and sulfo-BSOCOES include investigations of the cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor (Fenton et al., 2007), TNF-alpha (Grinberg et al., 2005), and studying mechanisms in the control of plasmid replication (Das et al., 2005). 

Fenton, R.A. Brond, L., Nielsen, S., and Praetorius, J. (2007) Cellular and subcellular distribution of the type II vasopressin receptor in kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 10.1152/ajprenal.00316.2006. 

The cellular and subcellular distributions of a-subunit isoforms provide clues to their different physiological functions. The four isoforms exhibit about 85% sequence identity. The most substantial differences occur in their N-terminal regions and in an 11-residue sequence of the large cytoplasmic loop. When measured in cell cultures, the isoforms differ in their apparent affinities for intracellular Na+ (al < a2 < a3) [21 ] and extracellular K+ (a3 < a2 = al) [22], In adult tissues, al is the major iso form in... 

Protein kinases differ in their cellular and subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and regulation 394... 

Protein kinases differ in their cellular and subcellular distribution, substrate specificity and regulation. These properties determine the functional roles played by the very large number of protein kinases that have been found in mammalian tissues, most of which are known to be expressed in neurons [3]. The major classes of protein serine-threonine kinase in the brain, listed in Table 23-1, are covered in this chapter. The major classes of protein tyrosine kinases in the brain are discussed in Chapter 24. 

Mercuric chloride is a potent nephrotoxicant in the adult rat, but has little effect on the newborn [222], There are significant maturational changes in organ, cellular and subcellular distribution of mercury during the first 4 weeks after birth. With increasing age, mercury is redistributed from the renal cytosolic fraction to the nuclear/mitochondrial fraction, where it may be more damaging. 

Raymond JR, Kim J, Beach RE, Tisher CC. Immunohistochemical mapping of cellular and subcellular distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in rat and human kidneys. Am J Physiol 1993 264 F9-F19. 

The next few chapters describe the anatomical, cellular, and subcellular distribution of 5-HT receptors. Because of the plethora of receptors and receptor subtypes, however, it has been exceedingly difficult to identify the physiological role of various 5-HT receptors using pharmacological tools. A powerful approach... 

Pellerin. L.. Bergersen, L.H., Halestrap, A.P.. and Pierre, K, (2005) Cellular and subcellular distribution of monocarboxylate transporters in cultured brain cells and in the adult brain. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 79, 55-64. 

FIGURE 34.4 A schematic proposal for cellular and subcellular distribution of ABC (green) and SLC (pink) transporters on the apical and basolateral membranes of an epithelial cell. SLC import and ABC export at the apical membrane of the unchanged xenobiotic (X), and ABC export of glucuronated-X (X-OG) at the basolateral membrane subcellular events include mitochondrial uptake of X by a SLC transporter and X-OG efflux from the lumen of the ER where cytochrome P450 (CYP) and UDP-glu-curonosyltransferase (UGT) produce X-OH and X-OG metabolites. 

Cellular and subcellular distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in the central nervous system of adult rat. J Comp Neurol 409 187-209,... 

Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of antipeptide antibodies to a cloned GluR 1 glutamate receptor subunit Cellular and subcellular distribution in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience 53 307-326. 

Tolle TR, Berthele A, Laurie DJ, Seeburg PH, Zieglgansberger W (1995a) Cellular and subcellular distribution of NMDARl splice variant mRNA in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 7 1235-1244. 

Petralia RS, Rubio ME, Wenthold RJ (1999d) Cellular and subcellular distribution of glutamate receptors. In ... 

Molnar, E., Baude, A., Richmond, S.A., Patel, P.B., Somogyi, P. and McIIhinney, R.A. (1993) Biochemical and immunocytochemical characterization of antipeptide antibodies to a cloned GluRl glutamate receptor subunit cellular and subcellular distribution in the rat forebrain. Neuroscience, 53, 307-326. 

To determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of lead and the speciation of lead in vivo. 

Neuropeptides constitute the largest and most diverse class of signaling substances known in metazoans. Over the last 20 yr it has become apparent that neuropeptides have important roles as neurohormones, neuromodulators, cytokines, morphogenetic factors, and possibly in some cases, as true neurotransmitters. Each neuropeptide may even be multifimctional and exist in several isoforms in a given animal species. In the search for functions of neuropeptides, it has been critical to be able to localize sites of synthesis and release. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) has been instrumental in the accurate mapping of the cellular and subcellular distribution of neuropeptides in tissue. Other immunological assays, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immxmo-enzymatic assay (ELISA) provide powerful complements for quantification of neuropeptides. Several important discoveries related to neuropeptides have relied on ICC, for example Different neuropeptides have very specific distributions in small populations of neurons (1—3), neuropeptides are commonly colocalized with low-mol-wt neurotransmitters or other neuropeptides (4), the chemical diversity of neurons is far greater than previously suspected (2,3), and neuropeptide synthesis and release can be episodic (5). 

A number of techniques are available, including laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) and various microprobes, that are capable of determining within tissues or cell preparations the cellular and subcellular distribution of lead in situ. While these techniques generally require varying levels of sample preparation (e.g., tissue fixation, cell suspensions, etc.), they provide powerful tools for probing different cellular compartments and processes involving lead. Thus, the site-specific distribution of lead can be used to evaluate local toxicity, which can be correlated with pathological alterations in tissues. 

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