Subcellular organization

DeSa, R., Hastings, J. W., and Vatter, A. E. (1963). Luminescent crystalline particles an organized subcellular bioluminescent system. Science 141 1269-1270. 

Ardelt BK, Borowitz JL, Maduh EU, et al. 1994. Cyanide-induced lipid peroxidation in different organs subcellular distribution and hydroperoxide generation in neuronal cells. Toxicology 89(2)... 

Baggett JM, Berndt WO. 1985. The effect of potassium dichromate and mercuric chloride on urinary excretion and organ subcellular distribution of 203Hg]mercuric chloride in rats. Toxicol Lett 29 115-121. 

Cytoplasmic granules Organized subcellular sites (e.g., endosomes, lysosomes, ER/Golgi) Pituitary hormones Probably limited in vivo access... 

Organism/organ Subcellular localization Substrate Product Ref. 

Eukaryote Organism whose cells have a discrete nucleus and other subcellular compartments (cf. prokaryote)... 

Okada, K. et al., Five geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases expressed in different organs are localized into three subcellular compartments in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol. 122, 1045, 2000. 

Eukaryote Cell or organism with membrane-bound, structurally discrete nucleus and other well-developed subcellular compartments. Eukaryotes include all organisms except viruses, bacteria, and blue-green algae (see also prokaryote). 

It has been suggested [6] that these unusual sterols, especially in those cases where these unusual sterols comprise the entire sterol content of the organisms, likely replace conventional sterols as cell-membrane components. Evidence for this comes from subcellular fractionation and subsequent analysis of two marine sponges [10]. The sterol composition of the membrane isolates was found to be identical to that of the intact sponge. Most common variation of the marine sterol is in the side-chain, situated deep in the lipophylic environment of the phospholipid bilayer. This suggests that unusual fatty acids might accompany the sterols, and indeed this is often the case [8]. 

The action of catecholamines released at the synapse is modulated by diffusion and reuptake into presynaptic nerve terminals. Catecholamines diffuse from the site of release, interact with receptors and are transported back into the nerve terminal. Some of the catecholamine molecules may be catabolized by MAO and COMT. The cate-cholamine-reuptake process was originally described by Axelrod [18]. He observed that, when radioactive norepinephrine was injected intravenously, it accumulated in tissues in direct proportion to the density of the sympathetic innervation in the tissue. The amine taken up into the tissues was protected from catabolic degradation, and studies of the subcellular distribution of catecholamines showed that they were localized to synaptic vesicles. Ablation of the sympathetic input to organs abolished the ability of vesicles to accumulate and store radioactive norepinephrine. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this Na+- and Cl -dependent uptake process is a characteristic feature of catecholamine-containing neurons in both the periphery and the brain (Table 12-2). 

Undernutrition is the result of inadequate nutrition intake, impaired absorption of nutrients, or inappropriate use of ingested nutrients. Changes in subcellular, cellular, and/or organ function can occur and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. 

Enriched subcellular compartments can be analyzed by MS/MS to determine their constituent proteins. One advantage of analysis of different cellular fractions is pre-analytical simplification that offers rewarding yields in dealing with the proteins identified in large-scale MS experiments. One of the major initiatives of the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) is the comprehensive characterization of the complete subproteome of each cell type. 

Epi-illumination Subcellular imaging structures Freeze fracture Preparation of cellular ultrastructures in frozen-hydrated and living state for electron microscopy macromolecular organization of bilayer membranes... 

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