Developability classification system

A second consideration that has been important, at least implicitly, in developing classification systems for radioactive waste is natural background radiation. The presence of a ubiquitous and unavoidable background of radiation and its description in terms of radiation dose provide a measure of the significance of potential exposures of radiation workers and members of the public to any radioactive waste. Levels of radiation in waste materials compared with levels of natural background radiation have played an important role in radioactive waste classification. 

Figure 1. Biopharmaceutical Classification System and Development Classification System. Class I compounds are defined as soluble and permeable through the gastrointestinal tract, Class II as poorly soluble but permeable through the GI tract, Class III as soluble but poorly permeable and Class IV as both poorly soluble and permeable. The further classification of Class II and III (simple and complex) is intended to provide additional data on the develop-ability of the drug candidate.

Dana, James Dwight (1813-1895) was educated at Yale University and made contributions to the fields of geology, mineralogy, and zoology. He developed classification systems that are still in use in these fields today. 

The examples mi t have illistrated that functional grou (e.g. OH, COOH, NH,), as they are a component of classical crystal inclusion compounds are usually used for construction, cross-linking, and stabilization of the host lattice (Fig. 6a), and are not used, as could have been, for direct binding of guest molecules, e.g. via coordination or H-bonding (Fig. 6b). To speak with a newly developed classification system on inclusion compounds (see Chapter 1 of Vol. 140), tho are true clathrates and i t coordinatoclathrates (cf. Fig. 6, for a more detailed sj fication see Fig. 15 in Chapter 1 of Vol. 140). As in the case of urea and thiourea, a rather stable, but nearly invariable host lattice with rigidly... 

GSK Developability Classification System based on permeability, dose, and solubility Compounds with DCS classification of I, Ila, or III are much easier to develop [9]... 

Another aspect of dose that is often misimderstood is the influence of the solubility of a drug, which is often far too low (especially for lipophilic molecules) to allow sufficient drug to be absorbed in the time that it passes through the GI tract. A useful way to represent this is via the developability classification system (DCS) that explores the interplay between permeability, dose, and solubility [9]. Poor-solubility compounds (i.e., those with dose/solubility ratios greater than 1000) require more liquid than the GI tract has available, meaning that the only less soluble compounds that can be sufficiently absorbed are those with very high permeability (this is class Ila in the DCS system). The fact that brick dust is a common term in the medicinal chemist s lexicon is testament to the prevalence of this challenge. 

Butler, J.M. and Dressman, JJ5. (2010) The developability classification system application of biopharmaceutics concepts to formulation development Journal... 

For homogeneous NDT data and repeatable inspection conditions successful automated interpretation systems can relatively easily be developed. They usually use standard techniques from statistical classification or artificial intelligence. Design of successful automated interpretation systems for heterogeneous data coming form non-repeatable, small volume inspections with little a-priori information about the pieces or constructions to be inspected is far more difficult. This paper presents an approach which can be used to develop such systems. 

Neural network classifiers. The neural network or other statistical classifiers impose strong requirements on the data and the inspection, however, when these are fulfilled then good fully automatic classification systems can be developed within a short period of time. This is for example the case if the inspection is a part of a manufacturing process, where the inspected pieces and the possible defect mechanisms are well known and the whole NDT inspection is done in repeatable conditions. In such cases it is possible to collect (or manufacture) as set of defect pieces, which can be used to obtain a training set. There are some commercially available tools (like ICEPAK [Chan, et al., 1988]) which can construct classifiers without any a-priori information, based only on the training sets of data. One has, however, always to remember about the limitations of this technique, otherwise serious misclassifications may go unnoticed. 

Prior to the nineteenth century, coal was classified according to appearance, eg, bright coal, black coal, or brown coal. A number of classification systems have since been developed. These may be divided into two types, which are complementary scientific and commercial. Both are used in research, whereas the commercial classification is essential industrially. In the scientific category, the Seyler chart has considerable value. 

Adsorption of dispersants at the soHd—Hquid interface from solution is normally measured by changes in the concentration of the dispersant after adsorption has occurred, and plotted as an adsorption isotherm. A classification system of adsorption isotherms has been developed to identify the mechanisms that may be operating, such as monolayer vs multilayer adsorption, and chemisorption vs physical adsorption (8). For moderate to high mol wt polymeric dispersants, the low energy (equiUbrium) configurations of the adsorbed layer are typically about 3—30 nm thick. Normally, the adsorption is monolayer, since the thickness of the first layer significantly reduces attraction for a second layer, unless the polymer is very low mol wt or adsorbs by being nearly immiscible with the solvent. 

Develop a general classification system for dry bulk chemical additives and filter aids based on ease of feeding to a filtering machine. 

An influential classification of the different types of information processing involved in industrial tasks was developed by J. Rasmussen of the Rise Laboratory in Denmark. This scheme provides a useful framework for identifying the types of error likely to occur in different operational situations, or within different aspects of the same task where different types of information processing demands on the individual may occur. The classification system, known as the skill-, rule-, knowledge-based (SRK) approach is described in a... 

Figure 2-60 shows a classification system developed by the Lower Mississippi Valley-Division, U.S. Corps of Engineers. Percentages are based on dry weight. A mixture with 50% or more clay is classified as clay with 80% or more silt, as silt and with 80% or more sand, as sand. A mixture with 40% clay and 40% sand is a sandy clay. A mixture with 25% clay and 65% silt is a clay-silt (see intersection of dashed lines in Figure 2-60). 

The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of an Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system for the collection and analysis of data on drug use. This was originally developed by Scandinavian authorities, and uses a combination of anatomical, therapeutic and chemical criteria to assign drugs to an individual class. The top-level categories, which are anatomically based, are listed in Table 3.2. 

The National Kidney Foundation (NKF) developed a classification system for CKD (Table 23-11.1 The staging system defines the stages of CKD based on GFR level, but also accounts for evidence of kidney damage in the absence of changes in GFR, as in stage 1 CKD. The GFR is calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation ... 

There are various severity of illness scoring systems for sepsis and trauma (R11). Severity scoring can be used, in conjunction with other risk factors, to anticipate and evaluate outcomes, such as hospital mortality rate. The most widely used system is the Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) classification system (K12). The APACHE III was developed to more accurately predict hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults (K13). It provides objective probability estimates for critically ill hospitalized patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs). For critically ill posttrauma patients with sepsis or SIRS, another system for physiologic quantitative classification and severity stratification of the host defense response was described recently (R11). However, this Physiologic State Severity Classification (PSSC) has yet not been applied routinely in ICU setting. 

Lentz, K. A. Hayashi, J. Lucisano, L. J. Polli, J. E., Development of a more rapid, reduced serum culture system for Caco-2 monolayers and application to the biopharmaceutics classification system, Int. J. Pharm. 200, 41-51 (2000). 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) soil classification system was developed for use in describing soils in which plants grow.63-66 The USDA system is now universally accepted within the United States and it should be used to describe soils used in ET landfill covers. 

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