Starch wastewaters

Alumina clarification Alumina slurry, starch, Wastewater ... 

Huang L.P., Jin, B., Lant, (2005a). Direct fermentation of potato starch wastewater to lactic acid by Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus. Biopro. Biosyst. Eng. 27. 229-238. 

The methanogenic granules were taken fi om a UASB that was treating starch wastewater. The average settling velocity of the granule was 29.5 m/h measure from 100 samples. 

Chaleomrum and co-workers [11] attempted to study the potential of cassava starch wastewater (CSW) in the production of PHA using an SBR treatment system that was seeded with Bacillus tequilensis MSU 112, a PHA-producing bacterial strain, as there are very few articles available on the use of CSW and especially the use of a PHA... 

Yu, J. Production of PHA from starch wastewater via organic acids. J Biotechnol 2001, 86, 105-112. 

Xue, F., Gao, B., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Feng, W., Tan, T., 2010. Pilot-scale production of microbial lipid using starch wastewater as raw material. Bioresource Technology 101, 6092-6095. 

Also, pilot plant and laboratory scale anaerobic studies have demonstrated successful treatment of wastewaters of 5,000 to 50,000 mg/L GOD from corn chips containing soluble and colloidal corn starch and protein, cheese whey, organic chemicals, food, bakeiy, breweiy, paper mill foul condensate, paint, and numerous other hazardous anci non-hazardous materials. 

Fig. 10.1 A schematic diagram for biohydrogen production from cellulose/starch containing agricultural wastes and food industry wastewaters...

Cao, H. Hardin, I.R. Akin D.E. Optimization of conditions for microbial decolorisation of textile wastewater starch as a carbon source. AATCC Rev., 2001, 7, 37-42. 

Chlorine gas may be identified readdy by its distinctive color and odor. Its odor is perceptible at 3 ppm concentration in air. Chlorine may be measured in water at low ppm by various titrimetry or colorimetric techniques (APHA, AWWA and WEF. 1999. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington DC American Pubhc Health Association). In iodometric titrations aqueous samples are acidified with acetic acid followed by addition of potassium iodide. Dissolved chlorine liberates iodine which is titrated with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator. At the endpoint of titration, the blue color of the starch solution disappears. Alternatively, a standardized solution of a reducing agent, such as thiosulfate or phenylarsine oxide, is added in excess to chlorinated water and the unreacted reductant is then back titrated against a standard solution of iodine or potassium iodate. In amperometric titration, which has a lower detection limit, the free chlorine is titrated against phenyl arsine oxide at a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. 

Tr. cufaneum+amylases Hydrolysis of starch-containing wastewater 30-200 3.75 n.d. 14 [51,52]... 

Due to their short time of exposure to the sample, microbial sensors are generally not able to detect polymers. The time required for the microbial degradation of proteins, starch, or cellulose normally is considerable longer than the usually applied measuring time. This is one of the main reasons why the sensorBOD value of wastewater is in most cases lower compared to the BOD5 method. 

The pretreatment of wastewater with hydrolases or acids is one of the best ways to overcome this obstacle, because in this way the big polymer molecules can be decomposed to smaller units, which can be measured by the biosensor. The positive effect of an enzymatic pretreatment of wastewater prior to sensorBOD measurement was demonstrated [53, 66]. In these investigations, different types of wastewaters, which contained milk powder, starch, or cellulose, were treated by proteases, a-amylases, and cellulases or a mix of these enzymes, respectively. This pretreatment resulted in a good correlation between sensorBOD and the conventional five-day BOD, while the sensorBOD values for untreated wastewater were significantly lower (see Table 6). As an example, the sensorBOD of a wastewater from a paper factory increased approximately to the fourfold value when treated by a mixture of cellulase and -glucosidase. 

Composition of artificial wastewater starch, cellulose and milk powder [66]. 

Reiss M, Heibges A, Metzger J, Hartmeier W (1998) Determination of BOD-values of starch-containing wastewater by a BOD-biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 13 1083 -1090... 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

In the titrimetric analysis of sulfide (S2-), 100 mL of wastewater was added to 20 mL of 0.025 N iodine solution which contained potassium iodide and was acidified. The solution was titrated against 0.025 N Na2S203 solution using starch indicator. The end point in the titration was obtained after the addition of 18.7 mL of titrant. Determine the concentration of sulfide in the sample. 

Cationic starches to coagulate or flocculate materials during wastewater treatment... 

Nano-photosynthesis can produce sugar and starch for food and further synthesis of cellulose can produce paper and wood to avoid clear-cutting forests. Carbon retrieved from the atmosphere and recycled from existing wastes by MNT will be used to make carbon nano-tubes, with superior properties to steel. Carbon will be the most common structural and functional element for a MNT-based civilization [32,33]. A carbon-based MNT material production model is conceptualized as in Fig. 9. If there is a specific need for metal, a nano-factory with trillions of nano-assemblers will synthesize steel, copper, and alloys in order to skip mining and refining [32,33]. Therefore, industrial wastewater, hazardous wastes and air pollution will all vanish. 

Again, it is wise to note that hydrogen fermentation demands carbohydrate-rich substrate with high substrate concentration. From the perspective of environmental engineering, such characteristics of organic wastes practically only appear in some specific industrial waste streams, e.g., sugar factory wastewater (Ueno et al., 1996), rice winery wastewater (Yu et al, 2002), starch-manufacturing waste (Yokoi et al., 2002), molasses wastewater (Ren... 

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