Standard flexibility

Throughout, we have tried to identify where flexibility in a standard may legitimately be introduced. There are many different types of standard, and they all have a place in controlling chemical exposure in the environment. However, the type of standard to be used, and any measures to assess compliance with it, must be decided at an early stage. This is a policy decision. As well as the type of standard, flexibility can be introduced in the magnitude of the standard itself (it may be more or less protective) and, for standards that are subject to formal compliance assessment, in the way we decide whether the standard has been passed or failed. There is clearly more to a standard than merely the concentration, dose, or load of a substance. Aspects such as design risk, return period, and confidence of failure are integral features of the standard and, as such, should be subject to the same scrutiny. 

A comparison of the foaming profile found in a standard flexible slabstock foam production with the one seen during liquid carbon dioxide foaming clearly shows a large difference in the rise profiles, especially at the lay down (Figure 2.3). 

Figure 2.3 Foaming profiles of standard flexible foam production and liquid carbon dioxide foaming.

Aluminum conductors have been developed as the low-cost solution. They have been applied for volume production of the keyboards of calculators, antennas of wireless devices, and so on. But they could not be universal conductor materials of standard flexible circuits because of difficulty in soldering and the special chemistries needed for etching. The wireless suspension of disk drives has consumed a large volume of special stainless steel and copper alloy foils because of the special mechanical performance of the circuits. A high-resolution printer head has also utilized thin tungsten foils as the conductor of thermal printer head circuits. Nickel-chromium alloy foils have been developed as the conductor materials of flexible heater circuits. 

TAB has been developed as the special wiring material for IC chips and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Although it was developed separately from standard flexible circuits, they have similar constructions and they use similar materials, and can be categorized as one kind of flexible circuits. 

Another study is the use of in vivo autofluorescence spectroscopy of human bronchial tissue for early detection of lung cancer (Zellweeger et al, 2001). An optical fiber bundle was adapted to fit the biopsy channel of a standard flexible bronchoscope. Clear differences in the autoflourescence spectra were observed for the healthy, inflammatory and early-cancerous lung tissue when excited at 405nm in vivo. 

The only difference of our problem from a standard flexible fiowshop scheduling problem is the fact that our reactors in the first stage are not identical. Not aU of the products can be processed in all of the reactors. For example, hydrocarbon resins are only produced in Reactors 5 and 6, which are vertical reactors, whereas rosin resins are only produced in Reactors 1 through 4, which are horizontal reactors. This makes our problem more complex than a standard flexible fiowshop scheduling problem because we also have to consider machine eligibility. 

Uses Surfactant for the production of standard flexible polyurethane slabstock foam based on polyether polyols... 

Standard flexible couplings, e.g., diaphragm couplings, can be used to connect the clutch imit to the driving and driven machines. 

Part 3 of the Radioscopic Standard is to define the minimum requirements that are placed on a radioscopic system to cover diverse applications. For the past few years, this part has been heavily disputed, the reason being an extreme flexibility in the application of radioscopic inspection systems. A definition of general rules for applications has thus been difficult to achieve. 

We are confident that any user of this combined evaluation technique, as well as the development of future test standards for manual ultrasonic testing will benefit from this result, because it allows a greater flexibility in the applicable method without loosing reliability. Often an expensive production of a reference block can be avoided and therefore testing costs are reduced. Since all calculations are performed by a PC, the operator can fully concentrate on his most important duty scanning the workpiece and observing the A-scan. Additional time will be saved for the test documentation, since all testing results are stored in the instrument s memory (the PC s hard drive) with full link to the Software World (Microsoft Word, Excel, etc.). 

An experienced inspection engineer will attempt to identify the characteristics of a given structure to determine potential. specific critical damage mechanisms. No individual major concrete structure can be adequately analysed by simple mass-accumulation of data and using criteria, which are based on standard codes. This does not mean that either data-collection or available criteria are not useful, but they should be exercised with care and flexibility and the procedures for inspection customised for the given structure. 

In practice, each CSF is a Slater determinant of molecular orbitals, which are divided into three types inactive (doubly occupied), virtual (unoccupied), and active (variable occupancy). The active orbitals are used to build up the various CSFs, and so introduce flexibility into the wave function by including configurations that can describe different situations. Approximate electronic-state wave functions are then provided by the eigenfunctions of the electronic Flamiltonian in the CSF basis. This contrasts to standard FIF theory in which only a single determinant is used, without active orbitals. The use of CSFs, gives the MCSCF wave function a structure that can be interpreted using chemical pictures of electronic configurations [229]. An interpretation in terms of valence bond sti uctures has also been developed, which is very useful for description of a chemical process (see the appendix in [230] and references cited therein). 

An alternative and much more flexible approach is represented hy the STAR file format [L48, 149, which can be used for building self-describing data files. Additionally, special dictionaries can be constructed, which specify more precisely the contents of the eorresponding data files. The two most widely used such dictionaries (and file formats) arc the CIF (Crystallographic Information File) file format [150] - the International Union of Crystallography s standard for representation of small molecules - and mmCIF [151], which is intended as a replacement for the PDB format for the representation of macromolecular structures,... 

Atom types represen t the chemical environment of an atom. The atom types associated with a given force field could be hard-wired to have specific vahiesand meaning. llyperChem also allows flexible definitions of the atom types and the associated chemical en vironmen Is. Th e ch em ical en viron men t of an atom (a set of rules for defining a type) and the default rules are in a standard ASCII text file, chem.nil. included with llyperChem. You can modify this file and compile it m a binary form that llyperChem... 

The standard Galerkin technique provides a flexible and powerful method for the solution of problems in areas such as solid mechanics and heat conduction where the model equations arc of elliptic or parabolic type. It can also be used to develop robust schemes for the solution of the governing equations of... 

Two-BIa.de Coaters. In order to coat both sides of a web simultaneously, two flexible blade coaters can be used back-to-back, ie, with both blades pressing against each other and the web between them. The web usually travels vertically upward. Different coatings can be appHed on each side of the web. The blades tend to be thinner and more flexible than the standard blades and the angle to the web is lower. The web has to have sufficient tensile strength to be pulled through the nip. 

The Digital VAX rose to prominence as a departmental minicomputer and became a virtual standard in the world of chemistry. The VAX offered a user-friendly flexible environment, together with what was then considered good computational throughput. Much computational chemistry methodology was developed on the VAX. 

Two types of overhead budget are currently in use. The static (often referred to as the fixed) budgeted overhead cost is related to the standard budgeted production rate. The flexible budgeted overhead cost is that shown as the total cost in Table 9-39. Values for intermediate production rates are often obtained by interpolation. This is justifiable only when semivariable costs are a negligibfe part of overhead costs. 

Also in Eq. (9-224), Cboh E simply the flexible budgeted overhead cost in dollars per hour for the actual production rate, and the overhead-volume variance 0(cboh oh) is the actual time taken to produce a given output multiplied by the difference between the flexible budgeted overhead cost and the standard overhead cost in dollars per hour. The budgeted overhead-cost variance (Cqh — 0Cboh) is the difference between the actual overhead cost and the actual time (in hours) required to produce the given output multiphed by the flexible budgeted overhead cost (in dollars per hour). 

For production rates lower than normal, the fixed overheads are underused, and the flexible budgeted overhead cost Cboh is greater than the standard overhead cost c°iqh. For production rates higher than normal, Cboh is less than c°iqh. 

---