Stakeholder Analyses

It is helpful to understand whether stakeholders represent communities of interest or communities of place. A community of interest may be a body of individuals, institutions, industries, and so on with an interest in an issue (e.g., charities devoted to clean air or anglers lobbying for clean water). A community of place will be a community or set of communities inhabiting an area that will be affected by a particular standard (e.g., a riparian community). 

Both of these groups have much to contribute to the process but from different perspectives. Again, the opportunity costs of not engaging as widely as possible might include spiraling economic costs associated with poor implementation of a standard. They might also lead to differences in the success with which a standard is implemented between locations. 

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The problem formulation step should therefore consider which steps are needed to sustain an equitable and open process and to make appropriate provision for this. This stakeholder analysis would normally include two aspects ... 

Whether it is in the new science (nanomaterials, protein chemistry and structure...) or in Sustainable Development (global warming, stakeholder analysis...), graduates are moving into fields remote from the traditional chemical engineering core. 

Chevalier, J. (2001) Stakeholder Analysis and Natural Resource Management and Stakeholder Information Systems , http //www.carleton.ca/ jchevali/ STAK H.html T wo Coombes, B. and Campbell, H. (1998) Dependent reproduction of alternative modes of agriculture organic forming in New Zealand. Sociologia Ruralb 38, 127-145. 

The requirement development phase may have been preceded by a feasibility study or a conceptual analysis phase of the project. The requirement phase may be broken down into requirement elicitation (gathering, understanding, reviewing, and articulating the needs of the stakeholders), analysis (checking for consistency and completeness), specification (documenting the requirements), and validation (making sure the specified requirements are correct). 

Ilinnels, M., and McMahon,]. E. (1997) Stakeholders and Market Transformation An Integrated Analysis of Costs and Benefits. Proceeding of the 1997 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Washington, DC American Council for an Energy -Efficient Economy. 

An analysis of possible substitution choices for BFRs in the computer and auto industry was conducted in Germany and subsequent stakeholder sessions were held to further discuss the types and feasibility of alternatives. ... 

The analysis plan should specify not only how the analysis will be conducted, but also how the results will be presented. Indeed, the way results will be communicated will usually influence the choice of both model structure and analysis method and is ultimately driven by the information needs of risk managers and other stakeholders and their management goals (see Figure 2.2). Careful advance planning for the communication of results is especially important for probabilistic assessments because they are more complex than deterministic assessments and less familiar to most audiences. It may be beneficial to present probabilistic and deterministic assessments together, to facilitate familiarization with the newer approaches. 

To avoid wasting resources by overretining assessments, avoid paralysis by analysis, and reassure stakeholders that the assessment process is finite, criteria are needed for deciding when to stop. 

Participants, stakeholders, and practitioners interact in the stakeholder process. Each group is inclusive of the other, and each group is responsible for applying, interpreting, and reviewing the ecological assessments and the uncertainty analysis methods where they are used. 

Detailed documentation and preparation of PR and information material Analysis of stakeholders to be involved in joint dissemination work ... 

Risk assessment starts with risk identification, a systematic use of available information to identify hazards (i.e., events or other conditions that have the potential to cause harm). Information can be from a variety of sources including stakeholders, historical data, information from the literature, and mathematical or scientific analyses. Risk analysis is then conducted to estimate the degree of risk associated with the identified hazards. This is estimated based on the likelihood of occurrence and resultant severity of harm. In some risk management tools, the ability to detect the hazard may also be considered. If the hazard is readily detectable, this may be considered a factor in the overall risk assessment. Risk evaluation determines if the risk is acceptable based on specified criteria. In a quality system environment, criteria would include impact on the overall performance of the quality system and the quality attributes of the finished product. The value of the risk assessment depends on how robust the data used in the assessment process is judged to be. The risk assessment process should take into account assumptions and reasonable sources of uncertainty. Risk assessment activities should be documented. 

The DfE Program and its partners fully exercised the principles of informed substitution for the first time in the alternatives analysis for pentabromodiphenyl ether, as part of its Furniture Flame Retardancy Partnership [9]. The analysis brought together a diverse stakeholder group, elicited new data from flame retardant manufacturers, and created an informative summary of experimental and modeled data. The industry used the data from the report as part of their move to safer alternatives. 

Assesses aquatic toxicity based on SAR analysis A software application intended for use by governments, chemical industry, and other stakeholders in filling gaps in understanding needed for assessing the hazards of chemicals. The Toolbox incorporates information and tools from various sources into a logical workflow... 

Structuring a decision problem is an iterative process that ideally involves all major stakeholders and might lead to considerable revisions of the original problem formulation (cf. Roy 1999, pp. 1-6). In practice, the process in itself often is at least as valuable as the recommendation arrived at by later use of a decision analysis model (cf. Belton and Hodgkin 1999, p. 248 Goodwin and Wright 1998, p. 397 Phillips 1986, p. 189). 

The landowner, the EPA representative, the project manager, the statistician, and the chemist, experienced in sampling, analysis, and field and laboratory QA/QC. The facility manager, the project manager, and the chemist experienced in sampling, analysis, and field and laboratory QA/QC. The stakeholders are a group of local citizens, who are concerned with the quality of their drinking water. 

Decision-makers and stakeholders typically ask a variety of questions about exposure. These questions motivate both the structure of the exposure assessment and the need for uncertainty analysis in that assessment. They include the following ... 

Adequate documentation of all aspects of the uncertainty analysis for the exposure assessment is also critical to ensure transparency to reviewers and stakeholders. This includes sufficient documentation to enable independent replication of results and necessitates detailed description of qualitative and quantitative aspects pertaining to data, scenarios, methods, inputs, models, outputs, sensitivity analysis and interpretation of results. 

As discussed in the previous sections, transparency is essential for making judgements about the appropriateness, accuracy and integrity of data for use in an exposure assessment. Transparency can help provide the documentation for an analyst to identify and characterize variability and uncertainty. It allows sufficient documentation for risk assessors, decisionmakers or stakeholders to reproduce an analysis or conduct sensitivity analyses using alternative data, knowledge or principles as inputs. 

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