Ecological assessment

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Mercury study report to Congress, Vol VI An ecological assessment of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. Office of Air Quahty Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development, U S. Enviromnental Protection Agency, EPA-452/R-97-008. 

Ecological Assessment of Aquatic Resources Linking Science to Decision-Making Barbour, Norton, Preston, Thornton, editors 2004... 

For the ecological assessment, risk analysis was based on the traditional PEC/ PNEC ratio (Hazard Quotient) where PEC is the predicted environmental concentration (resulting from chemical analysis) and PNEC the predicted no-effect concentration. Ecological assessment for aquatic species was based on rainbow trout or fathead minnow while terrestrial assessment was based on small rodents like mice rats and rabbits. Exposures associated with HQ<1 were considered negligible. 

Lee, S.D. and L. Grant (eds.). 1981. Health and Ecological Assessment of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Pathotex Publ., Park Forest South, IL. 364 pp. 

IIASA (2002) Global agro-ecological assessment for agriculture in the 21st century. Online http // www.iiasa.ac.at. Accessed at 4 Mar 2008... 

Byron, H., Treweek, J. R., Sheate, W. R., Thompson, S. (2000). Road Developments in the UK an Analysis of Ecological Assessment in Environmental Impact Statements Produced between 1993 and 1997. Journal of Planning and Environmental Management 43(1), 71-97. 

Ecological Assessment of Hazardous Waste Sites A Field and Laboratory Reference... 

Persoone, G. Ecotoxicology and water quality standards. In River Water Quality - Ecological Assessment and Control Newman, P., Piavaux, A., Sweeting, R., Eds. 1992 751 pp. 

Hanmer, R.W. Biological Testing of Complex Effluents in Wastewater Regulation OECD Work and Implementation in the United States, International Conference on River Water Quality - Ecological Assessment and Control, Palias des Congres Bmssels, December 16-18, 1991. 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agencyt. 2000. A progress report for advancing ecological assessment methods in OPP A consultation with the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel. Overview document. Available from http //www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap... 

USEPA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Technical Progress Report Implementation Plan for Probabilistic Ecological Assessments. Washington (DC) Environmental Fate and Effects Division, USEPA. 

Participants, stakeholders, and practitioners interact in the stakeholder process. Each group is inclusive of the other, and each group is responsible for applying, interpreting, and reviewing the ecological assessments and the uncertainty analysis methods where they are used. 

Aquatic Microcosms for Ecological Assessment of Pesticides. Wintergreen, Virginia, 7 to 11 Oct 1991. Published by SETAC, 1992. 

Ecological Assessment of Aquatic Resources Application, Implementation, and Communication. Pellston, Michigan, 16 to 21 Sep 2000. Published by SETAC, 2004. 

Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment. Pensacola, Florida, 23 to 28 Feb 2009. To be published by SETAC and CRC Press, 2010. 

Santodonato, J., Howard, R, and Basu, D. (1981). Health and ecological assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, J. Environ. Pathol and TbxicoL 5,1. 

For wet and dry deposition, these studies typically include measurement of concentration levels of key chemical components as well as precipitation amounts. For dry deposition, analyses also must include meteorological measurements that are used to estimate rate of the actual deposition, or flux. 5 Data representing total deposition loadings (e.g.. total sulfate or nitrate) are what many environmental scientists use for integrated ecological assessments,... 

US Environmental Protection Agency. A review of ecological assessment case studies from a risk assessment perspective. Washington, DC Risk Assessment Forum, USEPA, 1993. EPA/630/R-92/005. 

Keener, R.L. 1997. Regulation of new polymers in the Pacific region-part II (Japan). In Ecological Assessment of Polymers Strategies for Product Stewardship and Regulatory Programs, J.D. Hamilton, and R. Sutcliffe, Eds., pp 265-275. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. 

Lahr, J. (1998) An ecological assessment of the hazard of eight insecticides used in Desert Locust control, to invertebrates in temporary ponds in the Sahel, Aquatic Ecology 32 (2), 153-162. 

Descriptive9 Ecologic Assessment of group exposures and health outcomes, thereby gauging impact of a particular exposure in a defined population Hypothesis generating Cannot link exposure to diseases or study outcomes among individuals Residual confounding may threaten validity... 

In addition, species habits and individual behavior may affect the nature of exposure. Finally, life-stage-specific aspects may be highly important in determining exposure to mixtures this aspect is best studied for human exposure, but is also relevant to ecological assessment for some taxa. 

This section outlines the current scientific state of the art in ecological risk assessment of chemical mixtures. It focuses on the gathering, assessment, and evaluation of ecological effect data. The reader is referred to Chapter 1 for detailed information on exposure assessment. The section starts with an overview of methods commonly used to obtain ecological effect data on chemical mixtures. This is followed by an overview of the current mixture approaches in ecological risk assessments, that is, the common whole mixture, unique whole mixture, and component-based approaches. The section concludes with a paragraph on uncertainties in ecological assessments of chemical mixtures. 

Like human health assessments of chemical mixtures, ecological assessments usually involve substantial uncertainties. Examples include the assumptions of simple similar action or independent joint action, the extrapolation from laboratory data to field circumstances, and the inclusion of ecological interactions in the assessment. Because of these uncertainties, the assessment should always include a thorough discussion of all assumptions and the identification, when possible, of the major sources of uncertainty. 

An important similarity between human and ecological assessment of mixtures is the structure of the assessment procedure. Both procedures are often organized along a series of consecutive steps, that is, problem definition, hazard identification, exposure assessment, effect- or dose-response assessment, and risk characterization... 

Tier 3 involves the use of both CA and R A models together (mixed-model approaches). This approach differs from the previous tiers by using detailed information on the modes of action for the different mixture components as well as full-curve-based modeling approaches. Mixed models are used in human as well as ecological assessment. An example of mixed-model approaches in ecological risk assessments is the approach proposed for assemblages (De Zwart and Posthuma 2005) a similar approach has been proposed by Ra et al. (2006) see Chapter 4 and Figure 4.2. 

Based on the review and discussion of human and ecological assessment techniques for chemical mixtures, several conclusions can be drawn. These conclusions are listed below and related to the aims of this chapter, outlined in Section 5.1. The recommendations to improve human and ecological risk assessment of mixtures (Aim 5) are provided in the next section. 

Ecological Assessment of Selenium in the Aquatic Environment Chapman, Adams, Brooks, Delos, Luoma, Maher, Ohlendorf, Presser, Shaw, editors... 

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