Surfactant adjuvants

Miyake, M., et al. 1984. Rectal absorption of lysozyme and heparin in rabbits in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants. Chem Pharm Bull 32 2020. 

Effect of Spray Adjuvants. The effect of a surfactant with acifluorfen is also shown in Figure 8. The effects of chemical herbicides in the presence or absence of a surfactant must be determined in experimental systems used to evaluate bioherbicides. The effect of surfactants/adjuvants on chemical herbicides are many and varied and have been reviewed recently (jl ). It is axiomatic that many adjuvants are toxic to microorganisms (37-39). thus, the interaction of spray adjuvants with bioherbicides must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. 

Rectal absorption of drugs from aqueous or alcoholic solutions is generally much faster than from suppositories. Non-surfactant adjuvants, such as salicylates, increase rectal absorption of water-soluble drugs and also of high molecular weight compounds, such as insulin, heparin, and gastrin. 

Uses Surfactant, conditioner for cosmetics, hair and skin care prods. conditioner, softener, emollient, emulsifier in pharmaceuticals coemulsifier antistat for textiles and other applies. fabric softener for nat. and syn. fibers surfactant, adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions on growing crops in cellophane for food pkg. 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier in cosmetics detergent dispersant spemti-cide textile lubricants agric. latex paints post-polymerization stabilizer surfactant, adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions on growing crops defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard emulsifier in mfg. of food-contact articles food-pkg. adhesives in paper/paperboard in contact with dry foods... 

Formula Ci2H25C6H4(OCH2CH2)nOH, avg. n = 6 Properties Nonionic Toxicology TSCA listed Uses Surfactant emulsifierfor solvent and emulsion cleaners rewetting agent, emulsifier for paper, textiles surfactant, adjuvant for pesticide use dilutions on growing crops in food-pkg. adhesives... 

Many pesticides are insoluble in water and biologically inactive if they are not formulated with surfactants (adjuvants). Even water-soluble compounds may be inactive when applied as unformulated material (7). The technical rationale for incorporating adjuvants into pesticides includes improved wetting, rain fastness and increased penetration. 

Nidtihata, T., Rytting, J. H., Higuchi, T., and Caldwell, L., 1981b, Enhanced rectal absorption of insulin and heparin in rats in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants, J. Pharm. Pharmacol.33 ii4-ii5. 

Impacts of Surfactant Adjuvants on Pesticide Availability and Transport in Soils... 

The results presented herein clearly demonstrate that surfactant adjuvants have the potratial to in art substantial changes in aqueous solubility and phase... 

One recent paper has referred to the effect of surfactants on immune responses in mice [163]. Both stimulation and inhibition of the immune responses was revealed depending on the substance studied and the duration of the exposure. Triton X-100 causes stimulation of immunological activity. According to Ahkong et al. [88] surfactant adjuvants may facilitate the secretion of mediators by affecting fusion of membranes, e.g. of lymphocytes and macrophages. But no clear indication of mechanism of action was adduced. 

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