Spotting in dry cleaning

Use Manufacture of cheese and similar foods, for removal of fat spots in dry cleaning or grease accumulations, in analytical chemistry of fats because it selectively hydrolyzes only fatty acids on the ends of triglycerides. 

Spot removers, dry-cleaning fluids Trichloroethane Damages liver and kidneys, narcotic. Also found in metal polishes, fabric cleaners, degreasers. 

Products and Uses Ingredient in spot removers, dry-cleaning solutions, paint, and varnish remover. Also useful as a solvent for oils, greases, fats, and waxes. 

Products and Uses The primary component in dry-cleaning and spot-removing products. Also used in small amounts in cosmetics, perfumes, after-shaves, and cosmetics. Used as a solvent, dye, adhesive, paint, and cleaner. 

In dry cleaning, normally three groups of spotting agents are used ... 

Place the round filter paper on a clean, dry surface. Make a concentrated ink spot in the center of the paper by firmly pressing the tip of the pen or marker onto the paper. 

The persistent pyrethroids such as permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, and fenvalerate are effective mothproofing agents when applied as spot treatments from ready to use (RTU) formulations. Sodium fluosilicate [16893-85-9] is an effective mothproofing agent used at 0.5 to 0.7% in water solution with 0.3% potassium aluminate and 0.03% oxalic acid, and applied to fabrics by spraying or dipping. It is not removed by dry cleaning. 

Procedure Clean the plates scrupulously, as by immersion in a chromic acid cleansing mixture, rinse them with copious quantities of water until the water runs off the plates without leaving any visible water or oily spots, and dry. 

Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane are used in correction fluids, dry-cleaning products, degreasing sprays, and solvents and spot removers. Bromochlorodifluoro-methane is a compound found in halon fire extinguishers that is abused. Freon is used for refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Anesthetics include halothane, chloroform, and the local anesthetic ethyl chloride. Methylene chloride is a component of rubber cement, paint strippers, and degreasing agents, and fluorocarbons are present in many types of aerosol sprays. 

Industrial Uses. Papain is used in the leather industry to prepare the sides for tanning. Its proteolytic action removes some of the undesirable proteins which adhere to the hide and thus facilitates the subsequent tanning process. In the textile industry, the treatment of wool fibers with papain has been found to reduce the shrinkage from laundering. This appears to be caused by the abihty of the enzyme to destroy the elastic properties of wool protein. Because of its digestive action on protein, papain is used as a spot remover in the laundry and dry cleaning business. 

Chloroform is a volatile, low-molecular weight, lipophilic compound and a chlorinated trihalo-metheane. Most of the chloroform produced in the United States is used to make fluorocarbon 22 (HCFC 22) and the rest is produced for export and miscellaneous uses. In the past it was used as an inhalation anesthetic and as an extraction for, fats, oils, greases and other products, as a dry cleaning spot remover, in fire extinguishers, and as a fumigant. It is available as emulsions, spirits, tinctures, and chloroform water. Chloroform is also formed as a by-product of chlorination of water, wastewater, and swimming pool. Other sources include pulp and paper mills, hazardous waste sites, and sanitary landfills. 

Use Textile desizing, conversion of starch to glucose sugar in syrups (especially com symps), baking (to improve emmb softness and shelf life), dry cleaning (to attack food spots and similar stains). 

Use Solvent for nitrocellulose resins, spray lacquers, quick-drying lacquers, varnishes, enamels, dry-cleaning compounds, varnish removers, textile (preventing spotting in printing or dyeing) mutual solvent for soluble mineral oils to hold soap in solution and to improve the emulsifying properties. 

A limited number of sink effect studies have been conducted in full-sized environments. Tichenor et al. [20] showed the effect of sinks on indoor concentrations of total VOCs in a test house from the use of a wood stain. Sparks et al. [50] reported on test house studies of several indoor VOC sources (i.e., p-dichlorobenzene moth cakes, clothes dry-cleaned with perchloroethylene, and aerosol perchloroethylene spot remover) and they were compared with computer model simulations. These test house studies indicated that small-chamber-derived sink parameters and kj) may not be applicable to full-scale, complex environments. The re-emission rate (kj) appeared to be much slower in the test house. This result was also reported by other investigators in a later study [51]. New estimates of and were provided,including estimates of fca (or deposition velocity) based on the diffusivity of the VOC molecule [50]. In a test house study reported by Guo et al. [52], ethylbenzene vapor was injected at a constant rate for 72 h to load the sinks. Re-emissions from the sinks were determined over a 50-day period using a mass-balance approach. When compared with concentrations that would have occurred by simple dilution without sinks, the indoor concentrations of ethylbenzene were almost 300 times higher after 2 days and 7 times higher after 50 days. Studies of building bake-out have also included sink evaluations. Offermann et al. [53] reported that formaldehyde and VOC levels were reduced only temporarily by bake-out. They hypothesized that the sinks were depleted by the bake-out and then returned to equilibrium after the post-bake-out ventilation period. Finally, a test house study of latex paint emissions and sink effects again showed that... 

Carbon tetrachloride is used in spot removers, fire extinguishers, dry cleaning products, fumigants, solvents, and pesticides [143]. It is used to clean metal (primarily on aluminum parts) in machinery maintenance and as a raw material for certain oil additives. 

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