In drying

Wuftz synthesis Alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ethereal solution to give hydrocarbons. If equimolecular amounts of two different halides are used, then a mixture of three hydrocarbons of the types R — R, R — R and R —R, where R and R represent the original radicals, will be formed. The yields are often poor owing to subsidiary reactions taking place. 

Fig. VI-7. The force between two crossed mica cylinders in dry OMCTS. The cylinder radii R were about 1 cm. The dashed lines show the presumed, experimentally inaccessible, transition between a repulsive maximum and an attractive minimum. (From Ref. 68.)...

Israelachvili J N, McGuiggan P and Horn R 1992 Basic physics of interactions between surfaces in dry, humid, and aqueous environments 1st Int. Symp. on Semiconductor Waver Bondings Science, Technology and Applications (Pennington, NJ Electrochemical Society)... 

Blake N P and Metiu H 1995 Efficient adsorption line shape calculations for an electron coupled to many quantum degrees of freedom, applications to an electron solvated in dry sodalites and halo-sodalites J. Chem. Phys. 103 4455... 

There is one other important way in which borane can be stabilised. Diborane reacts with a suspension of lithium hydride in dry ether thus... 

White phosphorus is very reactive. It has an appreciable vapour pressure at room temperature and inflames in dry air at about 320 K or at even lower temperatures if finely divided. In air at room temperature it emits a faint green light called phosphorescence the reaction occurring is a complex oxidation process, but this happens only at certain partial pressures of oxygen. It is necessary, therefore, to store white phosphorus under water, unlike the less reactive red and black allotropes which do not react with air at room temperature. Both red and black phosphorus burn to form oxides when heated in air, the red form igniting at temperatures exceeding 600 K,... 

Pure phosphine can be prepared by the reduction of a solution of phosphorus trichloride in dry ether with lithium aluminium hydride ... 

An alternative method for the complete removal of bromine consists in passing the hvdrogen bromide through a solution of phenol in dry carbon tetrachloride. 

Into a 500 ml. three-necked flask, provided with a mechanical stirrer, a gas inlet tube and a reflux condenser, place 57 g. of anhydrous stannous chloride (Section 11,50,11) and 200 ml. of anhydrous ether. Pass in dry hydrogen chloride gas (Section 11,48,1) until the mixture is saturated and separates into two layers the lower viscous layer consists of stannous chloride dissolved in ethereal hydrogen chloride. Set the stirrer in motion and add 19 5 g. of n-amyl cyanide (Sections III,112 and III,113) through the separatory funnel. Separation of the crystalline aldimine hydrochloride commences after a few minutes continue the stirring for 15 minutes. Filter oflF the crystalline solid, suspend it in about 50 ml. of water and heat under reflux until it is completely hydrolysed. Allow to cool and extract with ether dry the ethereal extract with anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate and remove the ether slowly (Fig. II, 13, 4, but with the distilling flask replaced by a Claisen flask with fractionating side arm). Finally, distil the residue and collect the n-hexaldehyde at 127-129°. The yield is 19 g. 

Dissolve 2 ml. of acetaldehyde in 5 ml. of dry ether, cool in a freezing mixture of ice and salt, and pass in dry hydrogen chloride gas for 30-60 seconds. The solid polymer, metaldehyde, may separate in a short time, otherwise cork the tube and allow it to stand for 10-15 minutes. Filter ofiF the crystals. 

Alternatively, dissolve or suspend the acid chloride in 5-10 ml. of dry ether or dry benzene, and pass in dry ammonia gas. If no solid separates, evaporate the solvent. Recrystallise the amide from water or dilute alcohol. 

Alternatively, add a solution of 4 5 g. of p-toluidine in dry ether to the Grignard reagent prejjared from 1 0 g. of magnesium as detailed above. Then introduce 1 0 g. (or 0 02 mol) of the ester and proceed as described lOr anihdes. 

Undecylenic acid (or 10-undecenoic acid) (I), a comparatively inexpensive commercial product obtained from castor oil, reacts with bromine in dry carbon tetrachloride to give 10 11-dibromoundecoic acid (II), which upon heating with a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide yields 10-niidecynoic acid (III) ... 

The compound is generally employed in solution in dry ether this solution is conducting and the reduction may be due to the transfer of a hydride ion ... 

Many organolithium compounds may be prepared by the interaction of lithium with an alkyl chloride or bromide or with an aryl bromide in dry ethereal solution In a nitrogen atmosphere ... 

The 2-aminopyridliie is prepared by adding pure, dry pyridine to sodamide in dry toluene at 110° ... 

The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but tarnishes in moist air and forms a losely adhering... 

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