Typical data

Figure C3.3.5 shows typical data obtained from experimental studies of tlie type described above, where tlie hot donor is tlie nitrogen heterocycle pyrazine, C Fl N, initially excited by an excinier laser to an energy of 40 640...

Typical data for a laser running as a pulsed beam (Q-mode) could be ... 

The constant, C, is proportional to the ductility of the material in tension the exponent, b, is near 0.5 for most materials over a wide temperature range. This equation applies usually in the range 1—10 cycles, and typical data are shown in Figure 4a (5). The exponent rises when creep or environmental interactions affect fatigue behavior. 

Sa.lts Salting out metal chlorides from aqueous solutions by the common ion effect upon addition of HCl is utilized in many practical apphcations. Typical data for ferrous chloride [13478-10-9] FeCl2, potassium chloride [7447-40-7] KCl, and NaCl are shown in Table 9. The properties of the FeCl2-HCL-H2 0 system are important to the steel-pickling industry (see Metal SURFACE TREATMENTS Steel). Other metal chlorides that are salted out by the addition of hydrogen chloride to aqueous solutions include those of magnesium, strontium, and barium. 

Because shear and compressive strengths s andp depend in a similar way on material properties such as lattice stmcture and bond strength,yis often in a rather narrow range of about 0.20—0.35 for a wide variety of materials. The following are typical data for sliding on steel with bearing materials varying several hundredfold in yield pressure ... 

Some studies (6) have been carried out to measure distribution of soHds in mixing tanks. Local soHds concentrations at various heights are measured at different impeller speeds. Typical data (Fig. 16) demonstrate that very high mixer speeds are needed to raise the soHds to high levels. At low levels, soHds concentration can exceed the average concentration at low mixer speeds. These soHds distributions depend on the impeller diameter, particle size, and physical properties. 

Table 1 summarizes typical data the specific breakage rate, 3), for particles in size class 1 is 0.6, and the breakage product mass in size classes 2—6 is as shown. The corresponding values of b and B are given. 

Table 12. Typical Data and Uses for Electrically Conductive Grades of Carbon Blacks...

Typical data for operation with methyl isobutyl ketone, water, acetic acid four stages 101.6-mm stage height, 152-mm-diameter column extraction, water ketone. 

Fluid Velocities in Mixing Equipment Fluid velocities have been measured for various turbines in baffled and unbaffled vessels. Typical data are summarized in Uhl and Gray, op. cit., vol. I, chap. 4. Velocity data have been used for calculating impeller discharge and circulation rates but are not employed directly in the design of mixing equipment. 

Power to drive a belt conveyor is made up of five components power to drive the empty belt, to move the load against fric tion of the rotating parts, to raise or lower the load, to overcome inertia in putting material into motion, and to operate a belt-driven tripper if required. As with most other conveyor problems, if is advisable to work with formulas and constants from a specific manufacturer in making these calculations. For estimating purposes, typical data are given in Table 21-7. 

The dominant mechanism of purification for column ciystallization of sohd-solution systems is reciystallization. The rate of mass transfer resulting from reciystallization is related to the concentrations of the solid phase and free hquid which are in intimate contac t. A model based on height-of-transfer-unit (HTU) concepts representing the composition profQe in the purification sec tion for the high-melting component of a binaiy solid-solution system has been reported by Powers et al. (in Zief and Wilcox, op. cit., p. 363) for total-reflux operation. Typical data for the purification of a solid-solution system, azobenzene-stilbene, are shown in Fig. 22-10. The column ciystallizer was operated... 

Typical data on the moisture content for the solid-waste components are given in Table 25-51. For most industrial sohd wastes, the moisture content will vary from 10 to 25 percent. 

Typical data on the inert residue and energy values for sohd wastes may be converted to a dry basis by using Eq. (25-23). 

TABLE 25-50 Typical Data on Distribution of Industrial Wastes Generated by Major Industries and Municipalities ... 

TABLE 25-56 Typical Data on Containers Used for Storage and Transport of Hazardous Wastes... 

TABLE 25-5 B Typical Data on Container Capacities for Use with Various Collection Systems for Solid Waste... 

TABLE 25-59 Typical Data on Vehicles Used for Collection of Solid Wastes... 

TABLE 25-60 Typical Data on Haul Vehicles Used at Transfer Stations... 

The protective levels of the surge arresters, al different system voltages are furnished by the manufacturers in their product catalogues. Tables 18.9 and 18.11 furnish typical data for a few established manufacturers. 

Fig. 14.11. Typical data for recrystallised grain size as a function of prior plastic deformation. Note that, below a critical deformation, there is not enough strain energy to nucleate the new strain-free grains. This is just like the critical undercooling needed to nucleate a solid from its liquid (see Fig. 7.4).

Some typical data for this mouldability index are given in Figure 8.8. One limitation of these data is that they do not explicitly show whether or not a mould will fill in an injection moulding operation. This will clearly depend on the thickness of the moulding, the flow distances required and operational parameters such as melt and mould temperatures. One very crude estimate that is widely used is the flow path ratio, the ratio of flow distance to section thickness. The assumption is that if this is greater than the ratio (distance from gate to furthest point from gate)/section thickness, then the mould will fill. Whilst... 

The insulating properties of polyethylene compare favourably with those of any other dielectric material. As it is a non-polar material, properties such as power factor and dielectric constant are almost independent of temperature and frequency. Dielectric constant is linearly dependent on density and a reduction of density on heating leads to a small reduction in dielectric constant. Some typical data are given in Table 10.6. 

Typical data for some commercial glycidyl ether resins are given in Table 26.2. 

Tab. 6.1. Typical data for the more important techniques of surface and thin-film analysis.

Table 3.2. Typical Data Showing llie Effect of Strengtii on Gray Iron Castings (11...

Copper retains high impact strength and increases its tensile strength under low temperatures, including cryogenic applications. Typical data are given in Table 3.17. 

Typical data showing the effect of strength on gray iron... 

Effect of Pressure Figure 3 shows the effect of pressure on product sulfur. In the 400-800 psig range, doubling the pressure reduces the product sulfur by about one third. Pressure also has an effect on catalyst life. In general, as the pressure is increased the catalyst deactivates at a lower rate. However, beyond a certain point, further increases in pressure have only a small effect on deactivation rate. An example of this is for atmospheric resids typical data... 

Data are provided as measured data or prepared data, representing typical data for a period of several years. Design reference years (DRY) established using methods developed with the framework of the lEA (International Energy Agency) represent characteristic data for a period of 10 years, condensed into a one-year data set. Internal coherence, e.g., between solar irradiation and air temperature, is maintained. For the United States, typical meteorological year (TMY) files are based on measurements in the period 1954 through 1972. 

The thorough and persistent work on precursor decay (the dependence of Hugoniot elastic limit on propagation distance) of Duvall s Washington State University group was successful in demonstrating that precursor attenuation was due to both stress relaxation and hydrodynamic attenuation. Typical data on crystalline LiF is shown in Fig. 2.7. Observed plastic strain... 

For flow tested combinations, see a few typical data in Table 7-12. Note, for example, that using a Continental disk reverse acting knife blade rupture disc with a Crosby JOS/JBS pressure relief valve that the combined effect is to multiply the rated capacity of the Crosby valve by a multiplier of 0.985 for a set pressure in the 60-74 psig range... 

Data regarding relief valves, feed and expansion cisterns, etc. are given in Tables 27.11 and 27.12. Cistern sizes shown in Table 27.12 are based on typical system designs and are approximate only. An estimate of the water content of the particular system should always be made where there is any doubt regarding these typical data, to ensure that the cistern capacity is adequate to contain the expansion volume. 

It would normally be necessary to locate more than one monitoring unit on a structure. Thus each unit will only transmit its information on receiving coded instructions. Surface units can commonly accommodate up to 80 different codes. The ability to interrogate and receive over any distance is dependent upon the acoustic operation frequency. Relatively high frequencies are preferable, as they avoid problems of pulse reverberations and echoes from structural members. Typically data can be transferred over a distance of 2 km. This type of acoustic unit gives accuracies in potential measurement of 10mV. 

There is at present only one producer of this type of separator left typical data are shown in Table 8. 

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