Processing speed

Of these, the first two place demands on the processing speed of the knowledge-based system and its integration with the environment, eg, data acquisition interfaces. The third impacts on the nature of the computational cycle and the system s abiHty to reschedule its own computations. The latter two place demands on the representation and reasoning capabiHties of the system, and are the most interesting from a knowledge-based system viewpoint. 

For many bonding applications a variety of adhesives can perform adequately. Hot melt adhesives are normally chosen where process speed is critical. Since hot melts have no carrier vehicle (solvent or water), and thicken rapidly as they cool, they are limited in their ability to (1) penetrate low porosity substrates or wet out very rough surfaces (2) cut through or imbibe surface contaminants and (3) wet out high thermal conductivity substrates (e.g. metals). Nonetheless, hot melts are increasingly the adhesive of choice in automated production environments because of their fast set speed. 

As mentioned in the introduction, hot melts are used wherever process speed is critical. Described below are some of the major applications for hot melt... 

As mentioned at the outset, hot melt adhesive s primary advantage is process speed. Fleat resistance and substrate penetration are typically inferior to liquid adhesives (neat reactive systems, solvent, or water-based). Current research and development is therefore focused on maximizing the process advantages of hot melts and minimizing their performance deficiencies. Optimizing hot melt... 

The complexity and reduced time constants of modern processes imply the adoption of high performance programmable controllers. This requires not only higher processing speed but also more advanced control algorithms that can optimize the process operation in real time. 

EB-induced modifications permit greater processing speed. 

Quantitative Analysis. The efficiency of the detector is such that almost 100% of the X-rays entering it will produce a pulse, but the pulse processing speed limits the rate at which X-rays can be counted. If the count rate is less than a few thousand counts per second, then most of the incoming pulses are processed, but as the count rate rises an increasing fraction of the pulses are rejected. The live time during an analysis when the detector was counting is thus less than the elapsed time, and the EDS system records both times in order that the true count rate may be measured. 

Twin screw extruders introduce the necessary shear to thoroughly compound the dry blend into a polymer melt. They achieve this by utilizing aggressive mixing and kneading elements on the screw. Unfortunately, processing speeds are limited by the requirement that temperatures must be kept low to prevent excessive degradation. 

More specific to the events after electrical signals have been generated in the retina are observations that critical flicker fusion thresholds, a classical measure of central processing speed relevant to the dynamic functioning of the visual system, are directly proportional (p < 0.001) to MPOD, as first reported by Hammond and Wooten (2005) and confirmed by Renzi et al. (2008a) in a larger population. 

Signals with reduced harmonic content can be determined with fewer samples, in turn, fewer data points translate to faster data processing speeds, an advantage for real-time implementations. 

Age-related changes in many cognitive functions are seen in healthy elderly adults. Most notable are changes in processing speed and short-term memory (Sliwinski and Buschke 1999 Unger et al. 

Cognitive effects Human nonsmokers Administration of nicotine to tobacco nonusers produces small cognitive enhancements. Studies in tobacco nonusers have primarily measured attention, information processing speed, and memory. Nicotine improves perceptual speed, choice reaction time, and digit recall (Stough et al. 1995 Le Houezec et al. 1994 Foulds et al. 1996). Improvements also occur in digit symbol substitution and continuous performance tests without reducing accuracy (Petrie and Deary 1989 Levin et al. 1998). 

Opioids are sedating and cause a reduction in processing speed in clinical populations (e.g.. Digit Symbol Substitution Test) (Wood et al. 1998). However, a study in healthy subjects did not confirm these effects on digit substitution (Walker and Zacny 1998). Improvements are seen in choice reaction time after morphine administration (Hanks et al. 1995). Deficits have been reported in early-stage visual processing (O Neill et al. 1995 Hanks et al. 1995). By comparison, morphine s cognitive effects are lesser than those of lorazepam, but milder than hydromorphone (Rapp et al. 1996 Hanks et al. 1995). 

A study of experienced cannabis smokers tested them on cognitive measures using two doses (1.75% or 3.55%) and placebo (Wilson et al. 1994). The functions most sensitive to the effects of THC were mental processing speed (digit-symbol substitution) and reaction time. When compared with cannabis nonusers, chronic users of cannabis—with a mean duration of use of 6.76 years and an average daily intake of 150 mg of THC—were found to have slower reactions on perceptuo-motor tasks, but no differences on intelligence or memory tests (Varma et al. 1988). 

---