Specificity definition

In this listing, symbols used in this section are defined in a general way and appropriate SI units are given. Specific definitions, as denoted hy subscripts, are stated at the place of application in the section. Some specialized symbols used in the section are defined only at the place of application. Some symbols have more than one definition the appropriate one is identified at the place of application. 

Following is a listing of typical nomenclature expressed in SI and U.S. customary units. Specific definitions and units are stated at the place of application in this section. 

Local ventilation is often a very important part of the ventilation system, both in function and in construction, which makes a specific definition difficult. In addition to the above definitions it can be defined as ventilation of a separate volume inside a large room, as opposed to general ventilation, which is for the complete room or building. One problem with this definition is that local ventilation systems could function as localized ventilation in one surrounding and as general ventilation in another surrounding e.g., a ceiling inlet combined with floor exhaust is a local ventilation system in a... 

The standard requires the supplier to apply the appropriate methods to identify special characteristics, to include these characteristics in the control plan, and to comply with any specific definitions and symbols the customer may use. 

To assist in clarification for the reader, the following specific definition is submitted ... 

More specific definitions of explosives appear in legislation, e.g. in the UK under the Explosives Act 1875 as amended, which covers ... 

Most people believe someone is obese if they look fat. This is not true. Health-care professionals and scientists have developed specific definitions for the words overweight and obese. Overweight and obesity are not determined solely by an individual s weight, but are defined in terms of a person s weight relative to his or her height. Doctors and researchers use a special set of measurements and mathematical formulas to determine whether a person is overweight or obese. 

Analysis precision, n - a statistical measure of the expected repeatability of results for an unchanging sample, produced by an analytical method or instrument for samples whose spectra represent an interpolation of a multivariate calibration. The reader is cautioned to refer to specific definitions for precision and repeatability based on the context of use. 

I have come to believe recently, that the arena where the battle of specmanship is being currently waged big time is the Iq spec. Everybody seems to be doing their best to somehow state a lower number. They are betting that most engineers won t look too closely at what their specific definition of IQ really is. Look closely. 

Hazard is commonly defined as the potential to cause harm . A hazard can be defined as aproperty or situation that in particular circumstances could lead to harm (Smith et al., 1988). Risk is a more difficult concept to define. The term risk is used in everyday language to mean chance of disaster . When used in the process of risk assessment it has specific definitions, the most commonly accepted being The combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence (Smith et al., 1988). 

Page 358 to 365 Provides a Glossary of agent-specific definitions. 

A generic definition provides a family of specific definitions. For example, in C++, a template class SortedList could be defined in which everything common to the code for all linked lists is programmed in terms of the placeholder class Item. When the designer requires a SortedList, the compiler creates and compiles a copy of the template, with Item replaced by Phone. 

We have spoken frequently in this chapter about sensitivity and detection limit in reference to advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques. Sensitivity and detection limit have specific definitions in atomic absorption. Sensitivity is defined as the concentration of an element that will produce an absorption of 1% (absorptivity percent transmittance of 99%). It is the smallest concentration that can be determined with a reasonable degree of precision. Detection limit is the concentration that gives a readout level that is double the electrical noise level inherent in the baseline. It is a qualitative parameter in the sense that it is the minimum concentration that can be detected, but not precisely determined, like a blip that is barely seen compared to the electrical noise on the baseline. It would tell the analyst that the element is present, but not necessarily at a precisely determinable concentration level. A comparison of detection limits for several elements for the more popular techniques is given in Table 9.2. 

Recognition of specific definite variables which are beyond anyone s control lying very close to the performance limit of an instrument, such as temperature variations, noise as well as drift from an electronic circuit, and vibrations caused to a building by heavy vehicular-traffic,... 

There are seven basic SI (Systeme International) emits from which all other units can be derived. These seven are assumed to be independent of each other and have various specific definitions that you should know for the examination. The acronym is SMMACKK. The base SI units ... 

Mass spectrometry Both universal and specific. Definitive identification fg-pg-ng... 

A strategic focus on organic growth assumes a clear, specific definition, but the measurement of organic growth is a complex task. 

Fault tree analysis is based on a graphical, logical description of the failure mechanisms of a system. Before construction of a fault tree can begin, a specific definition of the top event is required for example the release of propylene from a refrigeration system. A detailed understanding of the operation of the system, its component parts, and the role of operators and possible human errors is required. Refer to Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation (CCPS, 1992) and Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Assessment (CCPS, 2000). 

ROOT CAUSE TEST - Most root cause methodologies will provide a specific definition of the term root cause and will require examination for confirmation that the causes that have been identified as root causes are indeed root causes. 

Thus, the impressive size of BASF s Fine Chemical Division is due to a BASF-specific definition of the term fine chemicals. In fact, the division, which is part of the business segment Agricultural Products Nutrition produces large volume aroma chemicals (a.o. 40,000 metric tons/year of citral) and vitamins (A, B2, C and E), as well as several lines of specialty chemicals (a.o. excipients and personal care products). Fine chemicals as defined in Section 1.1 account for about 150 million ( 190 million) in 2006, after full consolidation of the Swiss Fine Chemical company Orgamol, acquired in 2005. BASF holds a leading position in ibuprofen (made in USA), coffein and pseudoephedrin (made in Germany). BASF forecasts a further increase to 500 million ( 625 million) within 10 years which should make it the third largest fine-chemical company. 

Specifications, Definitions, and Regulations for the Composition of Industrial, Beverage, and Fuel Alcohol Products in Various Countries, http //www.distill.com/specs/... 

Fire hazard is viewed from the standpoint of safety, to which in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSH) is often used as the basis for classification of flammables versus a combustible material. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Transportation also has very specific definitions regarding classification of fire hazards based on safe transport of materials. For initial discussions we will adhere to the OSHA definitions, and later refer to distinctions in U.S. federal definitions which are legal standards. 

Most of the formalism to be developed in the coming sections of these lecture notes will be independent of the specific definition of the configurational basis, in which we expand the wave function. We therefore do not have to be very explicit about the exact nature of the basis states hn>. They can be either Slater determinants or spin-adapted Configuration State Functions (CSF s). For a long time it was assumed that CSF s were to be preferred for MCSCF calculations, since it gives a much shorter Cl expansion. Efficient methods like GUGA had also been developed for the solution of the Cl problem. Recent... 

Structurally, a more specific definition would be that a molecule is a local assembly of atomic nuclei and electrons in a state of dynamic siahility. The cohesive forces are electrostatic, but. in addition, relatively small electromagnetic interactions may occur between (he spin and orbital motions of (he electrons, especially in the neighborhood of heavy nuclei. The intcrnuclear separations are of the order of 1-2 x 10" meter, and the energies required to dissociate a stable molecule into smaller fragments... 

In recent years, X-ray diffraction studies of aqueous solutions have established primary hydration numbers for several fast-exchange cations 45,187-190 the timescale of X-ray diffraction is very much shorter than that of NMR spectroscopy. Octahedral hydration shells have been indicated for Tl3+,191 Cd2+, Ca2+, Na and K+, for example. For the lanthanides, [Ln(OH2)9]3+ is indicated for La, Pr and Nd, but [Ln(OH2)8]3 for the smaller Tb to Lu.192,193 Sometimes there are difficulties and uncertainties in extracting primary hydration numbers from X-ray data. Thus hydration numbers of eight and of six have been suggested for Na+ and for K+,194 and for Ca2+,195 and 8 and 9 for La3+, 196 In some cases rates of water exchange between primary and secondary hydration shells are so fast as to raise philosophical questions in relation to specific definitions of hydration numbers.197... 

Karlsson and Novotny [12] introduced the concept of nanoliquid chromatography in 1988. The authors reported that the separation efficiency of slurry packed liquid chromatography microcolumns (44 xm, id) was very high. Since then, many advance have been reported in this modality of chromatography and it has been used as a complementary and/or competitive separation method to conventional chromatography. Unfortunately, to date no correct and specific definition of this technique has been proposed, probably due to the use of varied column sizes (10 to 140 xm). Some definitions of nanoliquid chromatography are found in the literature based on column diameter and mobile... 

To better appreciate why reading the specification definitions is so important, let s consider the following example. Imagine a chemist has discovered a tris-phenolic compound (Figure 5.10) and is particularly excited about its antioxidant activity, which will be useful as a food additive due to the compound s apparent lack of toxicity. 

---