Standard specification, definition

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 The ASTM MnnualBook ofMSTM Standards contains all up-to-date formally approved (ca 9000) ASTM standard specifications, test methods, classifications, definitions, practices, and related materials, eg, proposals. These are arranged in 15 sections plus an index volume as follows. 

The standard requires the supplier to apply the appropriate methods to identify special characteristics, to include these characteristics in the control plan, and to comply with any specific definitions and symbols the customer may use. 

Associations between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes were examined using standardized exposure definitions (Smith-Warner and others 2001). Data sources were eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, included assessment of usual dietary intake, and had completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument. 

Finally, there is still a definite need for standard specifications for a good petroleum oil that may be used as a mosquito larvicide. 

Fire hazard is viewed from the standpoint of safety, to which in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSH) is often used as the basis for classification of flammables versus a combustible material. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Transportation also has very specific definitions regarding classification of fire hazards based on safe transport of materials. For initial discussions we will adhere to the OSHA definitions, and later refer to distinctions in U.S. federal definitions which are legal standards. 

According to the GLP, SOPs are defined as procedures that contain the details of how specified tasks are to be conducted. The GLP definition of SOP merges the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) definitions of procedure and work instructions where procedure is a general statement of policy that describes how, when, and by whom a task must be performed and work instructions contain the specific details of how the laboratory or other operation must be conducted in particular cases [2]. 

In the above sections we have already illustrated some of the characteristics and uses of RMs. A more formal definition of RM by ISO is [9] material or substance one or more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or of assigning values to materials. Extraordinary care in the production of RMs [15] is essential for effective, harmonized chemical measurements. Special features of certified RMs are carefully explained by that ISO document [9,15] and their designation as measurement standard specifically authorized. 

Mission-oriented protective posture (MOPP)-level TTPs are, in the committee s view, insufficiently flexible to permit continued operations in a dirty environment. Commanders should be provided with a wider array of protective equipment materiel and operational options. It is recommended that NWDC undertake a review of MOPP-level standards and definitions specifically to establish a mask-only condition (currently the mask is donned only at MOPP levels three and four (after the outer garment and boots)). It is equally important to provide local commanders with guidance on when to select one protection option rather than the others. It is noted that both Army and CBIRF doctrine allow employment of a mask-only posture in certain circumstances. 

A versatile synthetic route to stereochemically pure 2 -deoxyguanosine-3 -phosphate adducts of cyclopenta[cf/lpyrene, applicable to other nucleosides, has been described to gain access to site-specifically modified oligomers as well as to access chromatographic standards to definitely identify stereochemical... 

This concept ensures a strict definition of the application range of the standard to be applied. In addition, informative aimexes m be presented in order to give further examples and information to the user. The normative part of an analytical standard method in CEN and ISO includes at least the clauses listed below (ISO/IEC, 2001 ISO, 1998). Additional clauses, such as specific definitions or a list of minimum requirements needed, m be added to the standard, if relevant. 

For the composting environment, specification standards with definite pass / fail criteria requirements are available as ASTM, ISO, and EN standards. All the standards are harmonized and have very minor differences but the basic principles and requirements are the same. EN 13432 and ISO 18606 are specification standards for packaging. The specification standards are as follows ... 

One of the major problems confronting the system safety community is a lack of standardization or commonality. (This problem is discussed in detail in Chapter 4.) Presenting universally accepted definitions to even basic terms is therefore difficult because, by and large, they do not exist. The following terms are defined in nontechnical language to ensure the reader understands each term as used in this book. Specific definitions from documents widely used in the system safety effort are contained in the glossary, and definitions used by specific organizations are included in Chapter 3. 

In fact, major clinical questions remain unsolved since specific definition of cavernosal fibrosis is lacking, and no established diagnostic test is available. Biopsy is the most accurate method to establish cavernosal fibrosis (Wespes et al. 1994), but it is very invasive and not well accepted as a routine preoperative procedure (Basar et al. 1998). Moreover, even when a bioptic specimen is available, there is no widely accepted histological standard to assess and grade the disease (Sattar et al. 1994). 

Our approach for the CEDA tool is unique. The standard accepted definition of creativity includes originality (novelty) and usefulness. However, to date, no assessments have directly measured these constructs. The CEDA is conceptualized to measure originality and usefulness specific to engineering design in addition to both divergent and convergent thinking. 

Evaluation criteria The criteria based on which evaluation is to be carried out are defined at the beginning as part of problem definition. The criteria normally cover the total cost, system performance, and effectiveness. The system performance characteristics (like availability, maintainability, and SIL of shutdown, etc.) and the effectiveness (like production capacity, product quality, etc.) shall be covered. In many cases regulation, codes, and standards specification play a great role at this point. 

Although a standard worldwide definition for biodegradable plastics has not been established, the definitions already in place (ASTM, CEN, ISO) correlate the degradability of a material to a specific disposal environment and to a specific standard test method. The method must simulate such an environment for a time-span that determines the material classification. 

OSHA does not have a specific definition for portable container, but describes this type of container in the standard as a container in which hazardous chemicals are transferred from labeled containers, and are intended only for the immediate use of the employee who performs the transfer. 

Kohl KS, Magnus M, Ball R, Halsey N, Shadomy S, Farley TA. Applicability, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of six Brighton Collaboration standardized case definitions for adverse events following immunization. Vaccine 2008 26 6349-60. 

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