Specific viscosity, definition

Here ),p, the specific viscosity, is equal to the relative viscosity minus one. Staudinger designates C as the concentration of the solution in basal moles or the number of moles of the polymeric repeating unit per liter thus, for a starch acetate, it is the number of grams per liter divided by 288. K , is a constant particular to a definite series of homologues measured in a definite solvent, and M is the molecular weight. Ordinarily, this equation is employed for viscosity values extrapolated to zero concentration. Although the relationship is by no means exact " ... 

Give the definitions and formulas for the relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, inherent viscosity, and intrinsic viscosity. 

Using a definition which has been introduced by Staudinger, we define the specific viscosity rjap by... 

To understand polymer structure, polymers are often dissolved in appropriate solvents, allowing molecular weight or degree of polymerization to be determined from dilute solution viscosity. The relative viscosity, is the ratio of solution viscosity to that of the solvent. The specific viscosity, is the ratio of the difference in solution and solvent viscosities divided by the solvent viscosity. These dimensionless quantities are often divided by the mass concentration of the polymer to obtain several additional terms that have units of dilution or volume per unit mass concentration the reduced viscosity, which is ratio of the relative viscosity to the concentration the inherent viscosity, which is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity and the intrinsic viscosity, [77], which is the common limiting value of the reduced (Huggins definition) or inherent (Craemer s definition) viscosity at infinite dilution of the polymer. The intrinsic viscosity is a concentration ratio it has been used to estimate molecular... 

It was observed that the solution-specific viscosity increases almost linearly with the polymer concentration. When gel should be formed directly at a definite site, the solution of both polymers containing a blocker is introduced, and upon removal of the blocker the gel is formed. Naproxen is easily entrapped by CD cavities this drug has a low toxicity and good tolerance and Is suitable for blocking the P-CD cavities. 

When simple Hquids like naphtha are cracked, it may be possible to determine the feed components by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (gc/ms) (30). However, when gas oil is cracked, complete analysis of the feed may not be possible. Therefore, some simple definitions are used to characterize the feed. When available, paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics (PONA) content serves as a key property. When PONA is not available, the Bureau of Mines Correlation Index (BMCI) is used. Other properties like specific gravity, ASTM distillation, viscosity, refractive index. Conradson Carbon, and Bromine Number are also used to characterize the feed. In recent years even nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been... 

These data for typical properties of EP polymers are either as measured or as advertised by respective manufacturers. This table is not intended to be definitive either in terms of the total grade slate or the specific data reported for each producer. Note that the molecular weight distribution data are based on a qualitative comparison of GPC curves. Mooney viscosities are repotted for final product form (i.e.. in the case of oil-extended rubbers, the viscosity is that of the EP plus oil. 

By definition, viscosity is the force in dynes required to move a plane of 1 cm2 area at a distance of 1 cm from another plane of 1 cm2 area through a distance of 1 cm in 1 s. In the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system the unit of viscosity is the poise (P) or centipoise (cP) (1 cP = 0.01 P). Two other terms in common use are kinematic viscosity and fluidity. The kinematic viscosity is the viscosity in centipoise divided by the specific gravity. The unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke (cm2/s), although centistokes (0.01 cSt) is in more common usage fluidity is simply the reciprocal of viscosity. 

Diesters prepared from specific monohydric alcohols can be formulated into low viscosity partial synthetic automotive crankcase lubricants. These diester basestocks exhibit definite advantages over petroleum basestocks of similar and sometimes higher viscosities. These advantages are ... 

With few exceptions, all classes of polysaccharides have common heterogeneities that exist across chemical and functional boundaries. In many instances these heterogeneities preclude definitive structure-function correlations. This notwithstanding, origin, fine structure, etc., can sometimes confer subtle distinctions, so that one polysaccharide may be preferable to others for a specific purpose. Dispersions of wheat starch have lower viscosity than dispersions of corn starch at identical concentrations, whereas waxy maize starch is the bodying agent of choice over com starch, when concern for clarity is secondary to dispersion stability. 

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities mass (m), time (t), volume (V area (A density (p), speed (u), length (/), viscosity (rj), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (p), cubic expansion coefficient (a), temperature (T surface tension (y), speed of sound (c), mean free path (X), frequency (/), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (/i), thermal conductivity (/c), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (fcd), permeability (p), electric conductivity (k and magnetic flux density ( B) ... 

The broad definition of fuels for land and marine diesel engines and for nonaviation gas turbines covers many possible combinations of volatility, ignition quality, viscosity, gravity, stability, and other properties. Various specifications are used to characterize these fuels (ASTM D-975, ASTM D-2880). 

---