Sorption absorption

This preservative is comparatively new to ophthalmic preparations and is a polymeric quaternary ammonium germicide. Its advantage over other quaternary ammonium seems to be its inability to penetrate ocular tissues, especially the cornea. It has been used at concentrations of 0.001-0.01% in contact lens solutions as well as dry eye products. At clinically effective levels of preservative, POLYQUAD is approximately 10 times less toxic than benzalkonium chloride [87,137], Various in vitro tests and in vivo evaluations substantiate the safety of this compound [137,141,142], This preservative has been extremely useful for soft contact lens solutions because it has the least propensity to adsorb onto or absorb into these lenses, and it has a practically nonexistent potential for sensitization. Its ad-sorption/absorption with high water and high ionic lenses can be resolved by carefully balancing formulation components [143],... 

Recently, the electrochemical behavior saturated alcohols, that is, propargyl alcohol (HCSCCH2OH, PA) [145], benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH, BA) [146] andallylalcohol [147], has been studied at Pd electrodes in an acid medium by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and on-line mass spectrometry. For BA, it was observed that the fragmentation of the molecules occurs at potentials in the hydrogen ad-sorption/absorption region of palladium, whereas for PA the adsorbates maintain the C3-chain. On the other hand, the yields of the electroreduction and electrooxidation products for both PA and BA differ from those obtained at Pt [146,148,149]. 

Sorption (absorption and/or adsorption) or drug molecules or ions on the plastic material... 

An example of the experimental set-up used for the measurements is shown in Fig. 18.26. Basically, this set-up is an adaptation of the original Sievert, volumetric technique (Fig. 18.27). It can be used to record experimental isotherms (thermodynamics) and collect kinetic data during permeation or sorption (absorption/desorption) experiments, by sequentially transferring known amounts of hydrogen from (to) the calibrated reference volume chamber (Chj) to (from) the reaction chamber (Ch2). A reservoir... 

An infrared absorption which lies between 1400and 2350 wave number (cm ). The IR absorption is related to the creation of phonons and the intrinsic muKiphonon d)sorption. Absorption is nil above 7/im (this includes all the major atmospheric windows in the 8 -14/um waveband)... 

In air conditioning (qv) of closed spaces, a wider latitude in design features can be exercised (23,24). Blowers are used to pass room or cabin air through arrays of granules or plates. Efficiencies usuaHy are 95% or better. The primary limiting factor is the decreased rate of absorption of carbon dioxide. However, an auxHiary smaH CO2 sorption canister can be used. Control of moisture entering the KO2 canister extends the life of the chemical and helps maintain the RQ at 0.82. 

Persistence of pesticides in the environment is controlled by retention, degradation, and transport processes and their interaction. Retention refers to the abihty of the soil to bind a pesticide, preventing its movement either within or outside of the soil matrix. Retention primarily refers to the sorption process, but also includes absorption into the soil matrix and soil organisms, both plants and microorganisms. In contrast to degradation that decreases the absolute amount of the pesticide in the environment, sorption processes do not affect the total amount of pesticide present in the soil but can decrease the amount available for transformation or transport. 

Sorption and Desorption Processes. Sorption is a generalized term that refers to surface-induced removal of the pesticide from solution it is the attraction and accumulation of pesticide at the sod—water or sod—air interface, resulting in molecular layers on the surface of sod particles. Experimentally, sorption is characterized by the loss of pesticide from the sod solution, making it almost impossible to distinguish between sorption in which molecular layers form on sod particle surfaces, precipitation in which either a separate soHd phase forms on soHd surfaces, covalent bonding with the sod particle surface, or absorption into sod particles or organisms. Sorption is generally considered a reversible equdibrium process. 

Ordinary diffusion involves molecular mixing caused by the random motion of molecules. It is much more pronounced in gases and Hquids than in soHds. The effects of diffusion in fluids are also greatly affected by convection or turbulence. These phenomena are involved in mass-transfer processes, and therefore in separation processes (see Mass transfer Separation systems synthesis). In chemical engineering, the term diffusional unit operations normally refers to the separation processes in which mass is transferred from one phase to another, often across a fluid interface, and in which diffusion is considered to be the rate-controlling mechanism. Thus, the standard unit operations such as distillation (qv), drying (qv), and the sorption processes, as well as the less conventional separation processes, are usually classified under this heading (see Absorption Adsorption Adsorption, gas separation Adsorption, liquid separation). 

It has been shown by IR-spectroscopic investigations which evidence on the appearance of new absorption bands after chitosan introducing, elementary analyses data. (N, occurrence in the samples, which quantity depends on chitosan nature and isolation conditions) It leads to significant increase of sorption capacity and specific surface of sorbents, which contain chitosan from silk waren chrysalises. Where as these parameters decrease for sorbents with chitosan from crabs. Evidently it is connected to more dense structure of the last one. It has been shown, that yield of sorbent on the base of PES and chitosan obtained by sol-gel method has depended significantly on such factors as components ratio, temperature, catalyst quantity etc. 

The capacity factors of SN-SiO, for metal ions were determined under a range of different conditions of pH, metal ions concentrations and time of interaction. Preconcentration of Cd ", Pb ", Zn " and CvS were used for their preliminary determination by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The optimum pH values for quantitative soi ption ai e 5.8, 6.2, 6.5, 7.0 for Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn, respectively. The sorption ability of SN-SiO, to metal ions decrease in line Pb>Cu> >Zn>Cd. The soi ption capacity of the sorbent is 2.7,7.19,11.12,28.49 mg-g Hor Cd, Zn, Pb, andCu, respectively. The sorbent distribution coefficient calculated from soi ption isotherms was 10 ml-g for studied cations. All these metal ions can be desorbed with 5 ml of O.lmole-k HCl (sorbent recovery average out 96-100%). 

The effect of a way of obtaining ChCS, time of realization of a sorption, temperature of a sorption, density and pH of sorbate on process of a sorption was studied. It is established, that chitincontaining sorbents ai e strong at pH<5 and are capable for effective heavy metals ions absorption from acid water solutions. 

Sorption A filter that removes gaseous or vapor contaminants from a gas stream by an adsorptive or absorptive process. 

Sorption Adsorption (a surface process) or absorption (a volume process). 

Chiesa and Consonni [1 gave another detailed analysis for this plant in comparison with Cycle A1. They found that the efficiency dropped by 5% from that of the basic CCGT plant this is. somewhat surprising as the ab.sorption plant is smaller than that for Cycle A1 and it might have been expected that the penalty on efficiency of intrcxlucing the absorption plant would have been much less than that of Cycle Al. With this calculated efficiency and a detailed estimate of capital cost, the price of electricity was virtually the same as that of Cycle Al, i.e. 40% greater than that of the basic CCGT plant. 

Conditioning Engineers. (1996). Absorption/Sorption Heat Pumps and Refrigeration Systems. Atlanta ASHRAE. 

Methods of EGA using selective sorption, condensation of effluent gases, infrared absorption and thermoparticulate analysis have been reviewed by Lodding [144]. The use of simple gas burette systems should not be forgotten and an Orsat gas analysis apparatus can provide useful measurements in studies of the decomposition of formates [169]. Problems have been encountered in the determination of water released Kiss et al. [170—172] have measured the formation of this compound from infrared analyses of the acetylene evolved following reaction of water with calcium carbide. Kinetic data may be obtained by wet methods ammonia, determined by titration after absorption in an aqueous solution, has been used to measure a—time values for the decomposition of ammonium salts in a fluidized bed [173],... 

The key features of soot are its chemical inertness, its physical and chemical adsorption properties, and its light absorption. The large surface area coupled with the presence of various organic functional groups allow the adsorption of many different materials onto the surfaces of the particles. This type of sorption occurs both in the aerosol phase and in the aqueous phase once particles are captured by cloud droplets. As a result, complex chemical processes occur on the surface of soot particles, and otherwise volatile species may be scavenged by the soot particles. 

Another major drawback of polysaccharides is their hydrophilic nature leading to low degrees of adhesion between fiber and matrix [11]. Moisture absorption takes place by three types of mechanisms namely diffusion, capillarity, and transport via micro cracks [2]. Among the three, diffusion is considered to be the major mechanism. Water absorption largely depends on the water-soluble or hygroscopic components embedded in the matrix, which acts as a semipermeable membrane. While, fiber/matrix adhesion and fiber architecture also affect the moisture absorption. The results of the water sorption experiment showed an interesting trend. The extent of water uptake was not very significant and also did not increase linearly with amount of filler (Table-2). 

The methods described in this chapter can be transferred to liquid sorption processes with slight modifications. The example of concentrated salt solutions and water absorption is described by Kessling [6],... 

Sorption mechanisms of Hg(II) by the nonliving biomass of Potamogeton natans was also elucidated using chemical and instrumental analyses including atomic absorption, electron microscopy, and x-ray energy dispersion analyses. The results showed a high maximum adsorption of Hg(II) (180 mg/g), which took place over the entire biomass surface. Nevertheless, there were spots on the surface where apparent multilayer sorption of Hg(II) occurred. The minimum concentration of Hg(II) in solution that can be removed appears to be about 4-5 mg/L.117... 

A typical sorption experiment involves exposing a polymer sample, initially at an equilibrium penetrant concentration of c to a bathing penetrant concentration of Ci. The weight gain or loss is then measured as a function of time. The term sorption used in this context includes both absorption and desorption. The sorption is of the integral type if c° = 0 in the case of absorption or if cf = 0 in the case of desorption. Details of the experimental setup for the sorption measurement are discussed elsewhere [4],... 

Various anomalous diffusional behaviors have been observed and documented for both sorption and permeation experiments. Detailed discussions of these anomalies can be found elsewhere [12,35,36], Here only a brief summary of major findings is given. First, for the sorption anomaly, it has been observed that the reduced sorption curve has a distinctive thickness dependence. In this case, the reduced absorption and desorption curves obtained at various thick-... 

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