Polymeric quaternary ammonium

Fig. 10.8 A where the R substituents are alkyl or heterocyclic radicals to give compounds such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (cetrimide), cetylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. Inspection of the stmctures of these compounds (Fig. 10.8B) indicates the requirement for good antimicrobial activily of having a chain length in the range Cg to Cig in at least one of the R substituents. In the pyridinium compounds (Fig. 10.8C) three of the four covalent links may be satisfied by the nitrogen in a pyridine ring. Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts such as polyquatemium 1 are finding increasing use as preservatives.

Slow, except in presence of alkalis products formed are complex polymeric quaternary ammonium salts dimerizes fairly rapidly in water. 

This preservative is comparatively new to ophthalmic preparations and is a polymeric quaternary ammonium germicide. Its advantage over other quaternary ammonium seems to be its inability to penetrate ocular tissues, especially the cornea. It has been used at concentrations of 0.001-0.01% in contact lens solutions as well as dry eye products. At clinically effective levels of preservative, POLYQUAD is approximately 10 times less toxic than benzalkonium chloride [87,137], Various in vitro tests and in vivo evaluations substantiate the safety of this compound [137,141,142], This preservative has been extremely useful for soft contact lens solutions because it has the least propensity to adsorb onto or absorb into these lenses, and it has a practically nonexistent potential for sensitization. Its ad-sorption/absorption with high water and high ionic lenses can be resolved by carefully balancing formulation components [143],... 

Polymer phase-transfer catalysts (also referred to as triphase catalysts) are useful in bringing about reaction between a water-soluble reactant and a water-insoluble reactant [Akelah and Sherrington, 1983 Ford and Tomoi, 1984 Regen, 1979 Tomoi and Ford, 1988], Polymer phase transfer catalysts (usually insoluble) act as the meeting place for two immiscible reactants. For example, the reaction between sodium cyanide (aqueous phase) and 1-bromooctane (organic phase) proceeds at an accelerated rate in the presence of polymeric quaternary ammonium salts such as XXXIX [Regen, 1975, 1976]. Besides the ammonium salts, polymeric phosphonium salts, crown ethers and cryptates, polyethylene oxide), and quaternized polyethylenimine have been studied as phase-transfer catalysts [Hirao et al., 1978 Ishiwatari et al., 1980 Molinari et al., 1977 Tundo, 1978]. 

The hydrolysis rate of uncha d esters 7 in tlK presence of the polymer 14 was subtly smaller (ratio, 0.7—1.0) than those with NaOH, whereas, for the monoeth] esters of dicarboxylic adds 15, the polymer-catalyzed rates were greater than those with NaOH by factors of 2—5. In the presence of a similar, polymeric quaternary ammonium (PVBA-Cl) 16, the second-order rate constant of the alkali hydrolysis of... 

Photography—Several types of Mannich bases and derivatives are employed in this field. 599 Crosslinking agents derived from piperazine (534, Sec. A.2) are hardeners for gelatin photographic emulsions, and O-aminomethyl derivatives of piperazine, used under the form of polymeric quaternary ammonium salts 599, are useful as sensitizers for photographic emulsions. ... 

The acceleration of substitution reactions with azides using ultrasound techniques (Scheme 31) has not yet been investigated in detail. Activated primary halides react with trimethylsilyl azide (TMS-A) under particularly mild and absolutely neutral conditions (Scheme 31). Secondary and tertiary cyclic halides were treated with TMS-A/SnCU in CH2CI2 or CHCI3 to yield the corresponding azido compounds." Very impressive results with yields of about 90% were in this case reported in the adamantane and diamantane series." High solubility in organic solvents is also noticed with acetyl azide, which, prepared in situ, has also been used for azide syntheses. The scope of this reaction has still to be determined, however." Hassner noticed nearly quantitative yields of azides when alkyl halides (or tosyl-ates) were treated with polymeric quaternary ammonium azides. 

The biocidal efficacies of N-chlorinated polymeric beads and two derivatives of polyquat (polymeric quaternary ammonium salts) beads were compared. The biocidal effects were measured after brief contact exposures of aqueous suspensions of either Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli to the water-insoluble beads. The polymeric backbone was the same in all three types of... 

A polymeric quaternary ammonium salt of HEC, polyquatemium-24, in combination with certain primary surfactants, salts, and other viscosifying agents can be used as a thickener in personal care products such as shampoos, hair conditioners, creams, and aftershave gels. 

Polymeric quaternary ammonium surfactants, made from w-dodecyl bromide and poly(2-vinylpyridine), are better solubilizers for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons than AMaurylpyridinium chloride, with the extent of solubilization increasing as the alkyl content of the polymeric quaternary is increased (Strauss, 1951 Inoue, 1964). 

Polymeric Quaternary Ammonium Borohydride Reducing Agents... 

With more nucleophilic active sites only grafting onto is possible. In this way Franta et al. grafted polyTHF onto poly(N,N-dimethylaminostyrene) and poly(2-vinylpyridine)154). The grafting process was in both cases quantitative, yielding polymeric quaternary ammonium salts ... 

Mobile liquid. Faint odor of fish + soap. Vesicant, necrotizing irritant. Never use without appropriate gas mask. Volatility at 25 = 0.120 mg/1. d 1.2347. mp —4. bp,5 144°. ng 1.4925, Very slightly sol in water. Miscible with dimethylformamide, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, many other organic solvents and oils. The undiluted liq dec on standing and forms polymeric quaternary ammonium salts which are insol in the free base. 

Polymeric quaternary ammonium azides permit clean nucleophilic... 

Cationic substances consisting of mono-fuctional quaternary ammonium compounds or amines or even polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds or amines... 

Based on the fact that heteropolyacids (HPA), e.g. H4[SiW)204o] and H3[PMoi204o1, and their reduced species are effective photocatalysts of selective dehydrogenation of alcohols and H2 evolution from water in the presence of Vaq and Cr q, production of a new type of heterogeneous catalyst by immobilizing HPA on cationic polymers was proposed [282]. Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts. 

Alternatively, a permanent, nonleaching antimicrobial introduced by Biosafe Inc. is said to "mechanically" puncture microbial cell walls (rather than simply act as a poison to microbes). This polymeric quaternary ammonium compound reportedly kills 99% of all bacteria in a few hours in PO fibers, well... 

Vinylpynolidone/vinyl imidazolinium methochloride copolymer Classification Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt Definition Copolymer of methylvinylimidazolium chloride and vinylpyrrolidone Properties Cationic... 

IMtfilion Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt prepared by the reaction of DMAPAacrylates/acrylic acid/acrylonitrogens copolymer and diethyl sulfate... 

Acrylamide/dimethyidiallyl ammonium chloride copolymer Diallyidimethyl ammonium chloride with acrylamide N,N-Dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-2-propen-1-aminium chloride, polymer with 2-propenamide Poly (acrylamide-co-diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) 2-Propen-1-aminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-, chloride, polymer with 2-propenamide Quatemium-41 Classification Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt... 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt consisting of acrylamide and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride monomers Formula (CsHieN C3H5NO Cl)x Properties Dens. 1.020 ref. index 1.350 (20 C) cationic... 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt of methyl and stearyl dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate quaternized with dimethyl sulfate... 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with a trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide... 

Definition Polymeric quaternary ammonium salt prepared by reaction of ethyl methacrylate/abietyl methacrylate/diethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer with dimethyl sulfate Uses Antistat, film-former in cosmetics Polyquaternium-13 CAS 68877-47-4... 

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